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Background <p><i>Giardia duodenalis</i> is a protozoan of dogs and cats that comprises several genotypes (assemblages A–G). The common assemblages affecting small animals (C, D, F, G) are not associated with disease in humans. However, assemblages A and B can be zoonotic. Several assays can be used for detection of <i>G. duodenalis</i>, but there is a need for an accurate and faster detection method for <i>G. duodenalis</i> zoonotic assemblages. The aim of this study was to compare a <i>beta-giardin</i> quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) (<i>bg</i>-qPCR) to a standard multilocus genotyping technique for detection of <i>G. duodenalis</i> zoonotic assemblages in dog and cat feces.</p> Methods <p>Canine and feline fecal samples submitted to a commercial laboratory (Antech Diagnostics) that tested positive for <i>Giardia</i> by centrifugal flotation, <i>Giardia</i> enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and quantitative small subunit ribosomal ribonucleic acid PCR or those positive for <i>Giardia</i> spp. by a commercial direct fluorescent assay were included in this study (140 cases with zoonotic and non-zoonotic assemblages). The <i>bg</i>-qPCR assay was optimized and then all samples were assessed by both methods. Agreement among the two methods was assessed by Cohen’s kappa agreement.</p> Results <p>A total of 140 samples that were previously positive for <i>Giardia</i> were analyzed by both <i>bg</i>-qPCR and multilocus genotyping. Both <i>bg</i>-qPCR and multilocus genotyping identified 70 of 76 (92.10%) of assemblage A and B samples. A total of 64 (<i>n</i> = 40 for assemblage A and <i>n</i> = 24 for assemblage B) of 76 samples yielded concordant results, with both diagnostic techniques giving a Cohen’s kappa agreement value of 0.828. Non-zoonotic assemblages were amplified only by multilocus genotyping in 55 samples, and 9 samples were negative for both methods. Multilocus genotyping reported mixed infections in 23 cases and included A/D (1 dog), B/C (1 dog), B/F (1 dog; 2 cats), and C/D (18 dogs).</p> Conclusions <p>For the zoonotic assemblages, the results between multilocus genotyping and the <i>bg</i>-qPCR agreed for most cases. These data support the <i>bg</i>-qPCR as a less expensive and laborious option to determine zoonotic <i>Giardia</i> A/B assemblages in feces of dogs and cats.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Comparison of multilocus genotyping and a commercial beta-giardin qPCR assay for detection of Giardia duodenalis zoonotic assemblages in cat and dog samples

  • 期刊论文

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月8日

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  • Andrea V. Scorza,
  • Christian M. Leutenegger,
  • Cecilia Lozoya,
  • Jeffrey Tereski,
  • Samantha Loo,
  • Pablo D. Jimenez Castro,
  • Michael R. Lappin

摘要

Background

Giardia duodenalis is a protozoan of dogs and cats that comprises several genotypes (assemblages A–G). The common assemblages affecting small animals (C, D, F, G) are not associated with disease in humans. However, assemblages A and B can be zoonotic. Several assays can be used for detection of G. duodenalis, but there is a need for an accurate and faster detection method for G. duodenalis zoonotic assemblages. The aim of this study was to compare a beta-giardin quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) (bg-qPCR) to a standard multilocus genotyping technique for detection of G. duodenalis zoonotic assemblages in dog and cat feces.

Methods

Canine and feline fecal samples submitted to a commercial laboratory (Antech Diagnostics) that tested positive for Giardia by centrifugal flotation, Giardia enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and quantitative small subunit ribosomal ribonucleic acid PCR or those positive for Giardia spp. by a commercial direct fluorescent assay were included in this study (140 cases with zoonotic and non-zoonotic assemblages). The bg-qPCR assay was optimized and then all samples were assessed by both methods. Agreement among the two methods was assessed by Cohen’s kappa agreement.

Results

A total of 140 samples that were previously positive for Giardia were analyzed by both bg-qPCR and multilocus genotyping. Both bg-qPCR and multilocus genotyping identified 70 of 76 (92.10%) of assemblage A and B samples. A total of 64 (n = 40 for assemblage A and n = 24 for assemblage B) of 76 samples yielded concordant results, with both diagnostic techniques giving a Cohen’s kappa agreement value of 0.828. Non-zoonotic assemblages were amplified only by multilocus genotyping in 55 samples, and 9 samples were negative for both methods. Multilocus genotyping reported mixed infections in 23 cases and included A/D (1 dog), B/C (1 dog), B/F (1 dog; 2 cats), and C/D (18 dogs).

Conclusions

For the zoonotic assemblages, the results between multilocus genotyping and the bg-qPCR agreed for most cases. These data support the bg-qPCR as a less expensive and laborious option to determine zoonotic Giardia A/B assemblages in feces of dogs and cats.

Graphical Abstract