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Background <p>Mosquito-borne diseases represent critical global public health threats. Insecticide-based prevention and interventions remain essential for disease and vector management. However, insecticide resistance in mosquitoes threatens the effectiveness of these management measures. This study investigated the susceptibility to pyrethroid insecticides and associated resistance mechanisms in five dominant mosquito populations on Hainan Island, China.</p> Methods <p>World Health Organization (WHO) tube bioassays were conducted to evaluate insecticide resistance profiles in <i>Aedes albopictus</i><i>, </i><i>Culex quinquefasciatus</i><i>, </i><i>Armigeres subalbatus</i><i>, </i><i>Aedes aegypti, and Culex tritaeniorhynchus</i>. We assessed the synergistic effects of pre-exposure to 4% piperonyl butoxide (PBO) on deltamethrin mortality rates in <i>Aedes albopictus</i> and <i>Culex quinquefasciatus</i> populations. We genotyped <i>kdr</i> alleles at codon 1534 of the voltage-gated sodium channel gene in <i>Ae. albopictus</i> and at codon 1014 in <i>Cx. quinquefasciatus</i>.</p> Results <p>All five mosquito species exhibited significant resistance to pyrethroid insecticides. <i>Ae. albopictus</i> populations from seven localities were resistant to 0.25% permethrin, 0.03% deltamethrin, and 0.03% alpha-cypermethrin, with mortality rates ranging from 0% to 35.0%, 4.0% to 51.0%, and 2.0% to 27.0%, respectively. Similarly, <i>Cx. quinquefasciatus</i> populations from five sites demonstrated resistance to 0.25% permethrin, 0.4% deltamethrin, and 0.5% alpha-cypermethrin, with all mortality rates below 90%. Three <i>Armigeres subalbatus</i> populations also exhibited resistance to permethrin, deltamethrin, and lambda-cyhalothrin, with one population showing probable resistance to deltamethrin. Pre-exposure to 4% PBO significantly increased mortality rates in both <i>Ae. albopictus</i> and <i>Cx. quinquefasciatus</i> compared with mosquitoes exposed to deltamethrin alone. However, PBO pre-exposure only partially restored the susceptibility of the mosquitoes to pyrethroids. Molecular analysis revealed a higher frequency of <i>kdr</i> mutations (F1534C and F1534S) in resistant <i>Ae. albopictus</i> (mean 67.6% ± 24.3%) compared with susceptible mosquitoes (mean 31.6% ± 12.4%) across four of the five populations. For <i>Cx. quinquefasciatus</i>, the <i>kdr</i> mutation frequency was significantly greater in resistant mosquitoes (mean 82.9% ± 15.0%) than in susceptible mosquitoes (mean 52.8% ± 32.6%).</p> Conclusions <p>The results indicated potential multiple resistance mechanisms in mosquitoes in Hainan and highlight the need for systematic monitoring and mapping of insecticide resistance. Innovative mosquito control strategies are needed to support the development and implementation of effective, evidence-based vector control programs.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Mechanisms of pyrethroid resistance in Culicidae mosquitoes from Hainan Island, China

  • 期刊论文

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  • 发表日期：

    2025年10月14日

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  • Qingyun Huang,
  • Yunfei Zhou,
  • Jiabao Xu,
  • guofa zhou,
  • Qiaolu Guo,
  • Yixuan Duan,
  • Guiyu Zheng,
  • Menglou Zhu,
  • Saifeng Zhong,
  • Daibin Zhong,
  • Faxing Fu,
  • Si Wen,
  • Yu Jiang,
  • Tianya He,
  • Suhua Liu,
  • Gang Lu,
  • Yiji Li,
  • Tingting Li

摘要

Background

Mosquito-borne diseases represent critical global public health threats. Insecticide-based prevention and interventions remain essential for disease and vector management. However, insecticide resistance in mosquitoes threatens the effectiveness of these management measures. This study investigated the susceptibility to pyrethroid insecticides and associated resistance mechanisms in five dominant mosquito populations on Hainan Island, China.

Methods

World Health Organization (WHO) tube bioassays were conducted to evaluate insecticide resistance profiles in Aedes albopictus, Culex quinquefasciatus, Armigeres subalbatus, Aedes aegypti, and Culex tritaeniorhynchus. We assessed the synergistic effects of pre-exposure to 4% piperonyl butoxide (PBO) on deltamethrin mortality rates in Aedes albopictus and Culex quinquefasciatus populations. We genotyped kdr alleles at codon 1534 of the voltage-gated sodium channel gene in Ae. albopictus and at codon 1014 in Cx. quinquefasciatus.

Results

All five mosquito species exhibited significant resistance to pyrethroid insecticides. Ae. albopictus populations from seven localities were resistant to 0.25% permethrin, 0.03% deltamethrin, and 0.03% alpha-cypermethrin, with mortality rates ranging from 0% to 35.0%, 4.0% to 51.0%, and 2.0% to 27.0%, respectively. Similarly, Cx. quinquefasciatus populations from five sites demonstrated resistance to 0.25% permethrin, 0.4% deltamethrin, and 0.5% alpha-cypermethrin, with all mortality rates below 90%. Three Armigeres subalbatus populations also exhibited resistance to permethrin, deltamethrin, and lambda-cyhalothrin, with one population showing probable resistance to deltamethrin. Pre-exposure to 4% PBO significantly increased mortality rates in both Ae. albopictus and Cx. quinquefasciatus compared with mosquitoes exposed to deltamethrin alone. However, PBO pre-exposure only partially restored the susceptibility of the mosquitoes to pyrethroids. Molecular analysis revealed a higher frequency of kdr mutations (F1534C and F1534S) in resistant Ae. albopictus (mean 67.6% ± 24.3%) compared with susceptible mosquitoes (mean 31.6% ± 12.4%) across four of the five populations. For Cx. quinquefasciatus, the kdr mutation frequency was significantly greater in resistant mosquitoes (mean 82.9% ± 15.0%) than in susceptible mosquitoes (mean 52.8% ± 32.6%).

Conclusions

The results indicated potential multiple resistance mechanisms in mosquitoes in Hainan and highlight the need for systematic monitoring and mapping of insecticide resistance. Innovative mosquito control strategies are needed to support the development and implementation of effective, evidence-based vector control programs.

Graphical Abstract