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<p>Para-chlorophenol (4-chlorophenol, 4-CP) is a member of the toxic chlorinated phenolic compounds. It is broadly used in preservatives, and as a precursor for some herbicides and fungicides and has been detected in natural aquatic environments. This work examined the photochemical degradation of 4-CP by ultraviolet light (UV), UV/persulfate (UV/PS) and UV/persulfate/Fe<sup>2+</sup> (UV/PS/Fe<sup>2+</sup>) methods. Under UV light irradiation (UV-C, 254&#xa0;nm), the removal efficiency of 4-CP (20&#xa0;mg/L) was 44.7, 58.8 and 66.8% at pH 3, 6 and 11, respectively, after 25&#xa0;min of irradiation. The addition of 0.5 mM PS to UV enhanced the removal efficiency of 4-CP to 90.2% (at pH 3) and 100% (at pH 6 and 11), at the same treatment time. However, complete removal of 4-CP occurs in UV/persulfate/Fe<sup>2+</sup> process, employing Fe<sup>2+</sup> = 0.3&#xa0;mg/L, PS = 0.5 mM and 4-CP = 20&#xa0;mg/L, at pH 3, after 25&#xa0;min of treatment. Additionally, the degradation efficacy was adversely affected by humic acid (HA) and inorganic ions. Similarly, the TOC removal was 65.8 and 86.1%, for UV/PS and UV/persulfate/Fe<sup>2+</sup> techniques, after 120&#xa0;min. Moreover, the contribution of SO<sub>4</sub><sup>•−</sup> and HO<sup>•</sup> was investigated by scavenging study. Additionally, GC-MS was used to detect the degradation products (DPs) of 4-CP. Finally, ECOSAR program was used to evaluate the toxicity of 4-CP and its DPs. Nonetheless, the present study suggests that UV/PS and UV/persulfate/Fe<sup>2+</sup> techniques can effectively eliminate chlorophenols from aquatic environments.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Kinetics, mechanistic, toxicological and economical investigations of para-chlorophenol degradation by UV/persulfate and UV/persulfate/Fe2+ processes

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月20日

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  • Tayyeba Ali,
  • Talha Sharif,
  • Shabir Ahmad,
  • Sumaira Wilayat,
  • Muhammad Ateeq,
  • Javed Ali Khan,
  • Hazratullah Paktin

摘要

Para-chlorophenol (4-chlorophenol, 4-CP) is a member of the toxic chlorinated phenolic compounds. It is broadly used in preservatives, and as a precursor for some herbicides and fungicides and has been detected in natural aquatic environments. This work examined the photochemical degradation of 4-CP by ultraviolet light (UV), UV/persulfate (UV/PS) and UV/persulfate/Fe2+ (UV/PS/Fe2+) methods. Under UV light irradiation (UV-C, 254 nm), the removal efficiency of 4-CP (20 mg/L) was 44.7, 58.8 and 66.8% at pH 3, 6 and 11, respectively, after 25 min of irradiation. The addition of 0.5 mM PS to UV enhanced the removal efficiency of 4-CP to 90.2% (at pH 3) and 100% (at pH 6 and 11), at the same treatment time. However, complete removal of 4-CP occurs in UV/persulfate/Fe2+ process, employing Fe2+ = 0.3 mg/L, PS = 0.5 mM and 4-CP = 20 mg/L, at pH 3, after 25 min of treatment. Additionally, the degradation efficacy was adversely affected by humic acid (HA) and inorganic ions. Similarly, the TOC removal was 65.8 and 86.1%, for UV/PS and UV/persulfate/Fe2+ techniques, after 120 min. Moreover, the contribution of SO4•− and HO• was investigated by scavenging study. Additionally, GC-MS was used to detect the degradation products (DPs) of 4-CP. Finally, ECOSAR program was used to evaluate the toxicity of 4-CP and its DPs. Nonetheless, the present study suggests that UV/PS and UV/persulfate/Fe2+ techniques can effectively eliminate chlorophenols from aquatic environments.

Graphical Abstract