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<p>Cefixime is a broad-spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic that is orally administrated to treat bacterial infections diagnosed from mild to moderate ones. Since cefixime is considered a widely used antibiotic in many countries, it was important to develop a method for its removal from water as a part of water purification using an adsorption technique with different nanoparticles. In order to optimize its removal conditions, a fractional factorial design was applied to screen experimental factors including pH, contact time, and amounts of nanoparticles. A three-factor, two-level I-optimal design was designed using Derringer’s desirability algorithm, in which the optimal removal conditions of cefixime were found to be Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>2</sub> dose (13&#xa0;mg/L), pH (5.9), and contact time (180&#xa0;min) at room temperature. An HPLC method was developed for monitoring the adsorption process using a Kinetex C<sub>18</sub> stationary phase (100&#xa0;mm L × 4.6&#xa0;mm i.d., particle size 5&#xa0;μm, USA), and a mobile phase consisting of phosphate buffer (adjusted to pH 6.8) and methanol in the ratio of 75: 25 which was pumped at a flow rate of 1 mL/min at room temperature with UV detection at 288&#xa0;nm. The proposed HPLC method was validated according to ICH guidelines and was assessed using the greenness tools Analytical Eco-scale (AES), GAPI, and AGREE. The removal and analysis procedures were successfully applied to simulated wastewater samples containing cefixime with a bias of 1.9%. The method can be easily applied for large-scale water treatment.</p>

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Response surface optimized removal of cefixime from wastewater samples using magnetic ferric oxide nanoparticles

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2025年10月6日

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  • Rana W. Gaber,
  • Amr M. Mahmoud,
  • Sarah S. Saleh

摘要

Cefixime is a broad-spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic that is orally administrated to treat bacterial infections diagnosed from mild to moderate ones. Since cefixime is considered a widely used antibiotic in many countries, it was important to develop a method for its removal from water as a part of water purification using an adsorption technique with different nanoparticles. In order to optimize its removal conditions, a fractional factorial design was applied to screen experimental factors including pH, contact time, and amounts of nanoparticles. A three-factor, two-level I-optimal design was designed using Derringer’s desirability algorithm, in which the optimal removal conditions of cefixime were found to be Fe3O2 dose (13 mg/L), pH (5.9), and contact time (180 min) at room temperature. An HPLC method was developed for monitoring the adsorption process using a Kinetex C18 stationary phase (100 mm L × 4.6 mm i.d., particle size 5 μm, USA), and a mobile phase consisting of phosphate buffer (adjusted to pH 6.8) and methanol in the ratio of 75: 25 which was pumped at a flow rate of 1 mL/min at room temperature with UV detection at 288 nm. The proposed HPLC method was validated according to ICH guidelines and was assessed using the greenness tools Analytical Eco-scale (AES), GAPI, and AGREE. The removal and analysis procedures were successfully applied to simulated wastewater samples containing cefixime with a bias of 1.9%. The method can be easily applied for large-scale water treatment.