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<p>The depletion of fossil fuels and growing environmental concerns necessitate the exploration of renewable energy sources. Biodiesel, a promising alternative fuel derived from sustainable feedstock, has attracted considerable attention. This study investigates the catalytic esterification of oleic acid, a readily available fatty acid, with ethanol for biodiesel production using a novel heterogeneous catalyst, ZrO<sub>2</sub>/Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>. Crystalline ZrO<sub>2</sub>/Al2O<sub>3</sub> was successfully synthesized and characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface area analysis, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and temperature programmed desorption NH<sub>3</sub>-TPD to understand its structural and textural properties. The characterized ZrO<sub>2</sub>/Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> was then employed to catalyze the esterification reaction. The influence of reaction parameters, including temperature, alcohol-to-oleic acid molar ratio, and catalyst loading, was systematically evaluated. Under optimal conditions (70&#xa0;°C, 10:1 alcohol-to-oleic acid molar ratio, and 4 wt% catalyst loading), a remarkable 90.5% conversion of oleic acid to biodiesel was achieved. Furthermore, the catalyst exhibited reusability, demonstrating its potential for sustainable biodiesel production from low-grade oleic acid feedstock.</p>

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Novel sustainable biodiesel production from low-grade oleic acid via esterification catalyzed by characterized crystalline ZrO2/Al2O3

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2025年1月4日

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  • Amal Alkahlawy,
  • Amany Gaffer

摘要

The depletion of fossil fuels and growing environmental concerns necessitate the exploration of renewable energy sources. Biodiesel, a promising alternative fuel derived from sustainable feedstock, has attracted considerable attention. This study investigates the catalytic esterification of oleic acid, a readily available fatty acid, with ethanol for biodiesel production using a novel heterogeneous catalyst, ZrO2/Al2O3. Crystalline ZrO2/Al2O3 was successfully synthesized and characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface area analysis, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and temperature programmed desorption NH3-TPD to understand its structural and textural properties. The characterized ZrO2/Al2O3 was then employed to catalyze the esterification reaction. The influence of reaction parameters, including temperature, alcohol-to-oleic acid molar ratio, and catalyst loading, was systematically evaluated. Under optimal conditions (70 °C, 10:1 alcohol-to-oleic acid molar ratio, and 4 wt% catalyst loading), a remarkable 90.5% conversion of oleic acid to biodiesel was achieved. Furthermore, the catalyst exhibited reusability, demonstrating its potential for sustainable biodiesel production from low-grade oleic acid feedstock.