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Background <p>Sodium fluoride (F) is ubiquitously present in the environment and affects animals’ and humans’ health. <i>Nannochloropsis oculata</i> (NO) is a microalga that contains bioactive components with a preferential anti-inflammatory and antioxidant action. This study aimed to assess the tenable protective role of NO and nano-gold (AuNO) extracts toward F-evoked toxicity in rats.</p> Methods <p>Six groups of male rats were assigned. The CTL (control) group was given distilled water; the NO group, rats were given NO extract (250&#xa0;mg/kg b.w.), and AuNO group, rats received 500&#xa0;mg/kg b.w of AuNO extract. Further, F group was given F (30&#xa0;mg/kg b.w). NO + F group, and AuNO <i>+</i> F rats were administered with a combination of AuNO and F.</p> Results <p>F exposure caused noteworthy and significant oxidative stress and apoptosis. Additionally, there is a highly significant major regulation of proinflammatory genes and proteins. Furthermore, F significantly downregulated the kidney’s aquaporins, which can be used to identify renal impairment early. F-triggered damage was considerably reduced by pretreatment with both algal extracts.</p> Conclusions <p>Our findings support NO supplementation as it exerts alleviating effects against F-prompted toxicity, including the restoration of AQPs expression. The effects were more pronounced with AuNO treatment, suggesting its enhanced protective potential.</p>

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Nano gold-loaded Nannochloropsis oculata attenuates fluoride-induced neural and hepatorenal toxicity by modulating the Nrf2/NF-κB axis and aquaporins

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月16日

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  • Kholoud K. Emam,
  • Obeid Shanab,
  • Nuha Anajirih,
  • Samir M. El-Rayes,
  • Afaf Abdelkader,
  • Tabinda Hasan,
  • Abulmaaty M. Elsayed,
  • Eman E. ELwakeel,
  • Enas M. Kasem,
  • Heba M. Abdelkareem,
  • Mustafa Shukry,
  • Samah F. Ibrahim,
  • Eman M. El Nashar,
  • Areej M. Alshehri,
  • Ahmad F. Rawan,
  • Ahmed Abdeen

摘要

Background

Sodium fluoride (F) is ubiquitously present in the environment and affects animals’ and humans’ health. Nannochloropsis oculata (NO) is a microalga that contains bioactive components with a preferential anti-inflammatory and antioxidant action. This study aimed to assess the tenable protective role of NO and nano-gold (AuNO) extracts toward F-evoked toxicity in rats.

Methods

Six groups of male rats were assigned. The CTL (control) group was given distilled water; the NO group, rats were given NO extract (250 mg/kg b.w.), and AuNO group, rats received 500 mg/kg b.w of AuNO extract. Further, F group was given F (30 mg/kg b.w). NO + F group, and AuNO + F rats were administered with a combination of AuNO and F.

Results

F exposure caused noteworthy and significant oxidative stress and apoptosis. Additionally, there is a highly significant major regulation of proinflammatory genes and proteins. Furthermore, F significantly downregulated the kidney’s aquaporins, which can be used to identify renal impairment early. F-triggered damage was considerably reduced by pretreatment with both algal extracts.

Conclusions

Our findings support NO supplementation as it exerts alleviating effects against F-prompted toxicity, including the restoration of AQPs expression. The effects were more pronounced with AuNO treatment, suggesting its enhanced protective potential.