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<p>N1-methylpseudouridine (N1-methyl-Ψ)-modified mRNA offers a safer alternative to unmodified mRNA-based cancer immunotherapies but induces weaker innate immune responses. This study aimed to enhance the expression of N1-methyl-Ψ-modified mRNA and improve innate and adaptive immune responses by incorporating a toll-like receptor (TLR) 7/8 agonist (AD7/8) into a lipid nanoparticle (LNP). AD7/8 was incorporated into LNPs by partially replacing cholesterol, and the mRNA expression efficiency of various formulations was evaluated, leading to the selection of the LNP formulation containing 0.5% AD7/8 (AD03-LNP). AD03-LNP was evaluated using mRNAs encoding human papillomavirus (HPV)16 E7 and HPV18 E6 antigens, the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron spike protein (S-Omicron), and influenza hemagglutinin (HA), and it consistently enhanced antigen-specific immune responses compared with conventional LNP. In the HPV mRNA model, antigen-specific CD8⁺ T cell and cytokine responses were significantly increased by 1.5-2.1-fold. In the S-Omicron mRNA model, IgG2a levels, indicative of a Th1-skewed response, were markedly elevated by 8-fold as measured by endpoint titers. Importantly, in the HA mRNA model, which evaluated both cellular and humoral immunity, AD03-LNP induced significantly higher CD8⁺ T cell responses by 2.3-2.6-fold, together with increased antibody production, with total IgG elevated by 3.6-fold as measured by endpoint titers. These findings demonstrate that AD03-LNP enhances both cellular and humoral immune responses across diverse antigens. These results provide insights into how TLR7/8 agonist-loaded LNPs influence mRNA expression and immune responses, supporting an effective formulation approach to boost the immunogenicity of mRNA-LNP vaccines. This approach may help advance the design of mRNA-based cancer immunotherapies and prophylactic vaccines that depend on strong T cell responses.</p>

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Integration of TLR7/8 agonists into lipid nanoparticles enhances antigen-specific immune responses to N1-methyl-Ψ-modified mRNA-LNP vaccines

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2025年11月19日

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  • Huijeong Choi,
  • Seonghyun Lee,
  • Hyejin Kim,
  • Seo-Hyeon Bae,
  • Sohee Jo,
  • Jungmin Kim,
  • Yeeun Lee,
  • Dahyeon Ha,
  • Ayoung Oh,
  • Subin Yoon,
  • Sanghyuk Jeon,
  • Yu-Sun Lee,
  • Youngran Cho,
  • Seongje Cho,
  • Gahyun Roh,
  • Sowon Lee,
  • Jayaraj Gowda,
  • Hyo-Jung Park,
  • Jisun Lee,
  • Daesub Song,
  • So-Hee Hong,
  • Soo Bong Han,
  • Jae-Hwan Nam

摘要

N1-methylpseudouridine (N1-methyl-Ψ)-modified mRNA offers a safer alternative to unmodified mRNA-based cancer immunotherapies but induces weaker innate immune responses. This study aimed to enhance the expression of N1-methyl-Ψ-modified mRNA and improve innate and adaptive immune responses by incorporating a toll-like receptor (TLR) 7/8 agonist (AD7/8) into a lipid nanoparticle (LNP). AD7/8 was incorporated into LNPs by partially replacing cholesterol, and the mRNA expression efficiency of various formulations was evaluated, leading to the selection of the LNP formulation containing 0.5% AD7/8 (AD03-LNP). AD03-LNP was evaluated using mRNAs encoding human papillomavirus (HPV)16 E7 and HPV18 E6 antigens, the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron spike protein (S-Omicron), and influenza hemagglutinin (HA), and it consistently enhanced antigen-specific immune responses compared with conventional LNP. In the HPV mRNA model, antigen-specific CD8⁺ T cell and cytokine responses were significantly increased by 1.5-2.1-fold. In the S-Omicron mRNA model, IgG2a levels, indicative of a Th1-skewed response, were markedly elevated by 8-fold as measured by endpoint titers. Importantly, in the HA mRNA model, which evaluated both cellular and humoral immunity, AD03-LNP induced significantly higher CD8⁺ T cell responses by 2.3-2.6-fold, together with increased antibody production, with total IgG elevated by 3.6-fold as measured by endpoint titers. These findings demonstrate that AD03-LNP enhances both cellular and humoral immune responses across diverse antigens. These results provide insights into how TLR7/8 agonist-loaded LNPs influence mRNA expression and immune responses, supporting an effective formulation approach to boost the immunogenicity of mRNA-LNP vaccines. This approach may help advance the design of mRNA-based cancer immunotherapies and prophylactic vaccines that depend on strong T cell responses.