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Background <p>Contingency management (CM), a behavioral treatment that incentivizes patients for attaining treatment goals, is a highly effective adjunct to medication for opioid use disorder. However, CM is rarely offered in opioid treatment programs in the United States. In a prior pilot trial, the implementation strategy (didactic workshop + feedback + consultation) delivered by the Addiction Technology Transfer Centers (ATTC strategy) promoted CM adoption more effectively than didactic training, but the speed and duration of implementation were sub-optimal. This 28-site type 3 hybrid trial tested the comparative effectiveness of the ATTC strategy versus an Enhanced-ATTC (E-ATTC) strategy that contained two theory-driven techniques targeting implementation climate to improve acceleration and sustainment, respectively: a provider-focused incentivization strategy and a team-focused facilitation strategy. We hypothesized that the E-ATTC strategy would be associated with superior implementation and patient outcomes.</p> Methods <p>Twenty-eight opioid treatment programs, 186 providers, and 592 patients were cluster-randomized to receive either the ATTC or E-ATTC strategy. Providers logged their CM sessions in an online CM Tracker and submitted audio-recorded CM sessions, and patients completed surveys about their opioid use at three timepoints. Intention-to-treat analyses examined impacts of the two multi-level strategies on implementation outcomes (CM Exposure, CM Competence, CM Sustainment) and patient outcomes (Opioid Abstinence, Opioid Related Problems).</p> Results <p>The pattern of results was identical across unadjusted, propensity score-adjusted, and covariate-adjusted general linear mixed models, though significance varied slightly. Relative to providers receiving the ATTC strategy, those receiving the E-ATTC strategy had significantly higher odds of CM Exposure (covariate adjusted OR = 3.21, <i>p</i> &lt; 0.05) and of attaining the Excellent CM Competence benchmark (propensity-adjusted OR = 4.07, <i>p</i> &lt; 0.05). Patients at the E-ATTC sites had significantly greater likelihood of Opioid Abstinence over time (OR = 2.04, <i>p</i> &lt; 0.05). There were no significant conditional differences in CM Sustainment, though data were measured at the program-level, which limited power to detect differences.</p> Conclusions <p>The theory-driven E-ATTC strategy, which targeted implementation climate via facilitation and incentivization, had superior implementation and patient outcomes relative to the ATTC strategy. Results of this study can help inform ongoing CM implementation efforts across the United States.</p> Trial registration <p>This study was registered in Clinicaltrials.gov (NCT03931174) on April 23, 2019.</p>

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Project MIMIC (Maximizing Implementation of Motivational Incentives in Clinics): results of a 28-site cluster-randomized type 3 hybrid trial

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  • 发表日期：

    2025年12月9日

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  • Sara J. Becker,
  • Tim Janssen,
  • Tim Souza,
  • Bryan Hartzler,
  • Carla J. Rash,
  • Kira DiClemente-Bosco,
  • Bryan R. Garner

摘要

Background

Contingency management (CM), a behavioral treatment that incentivizes patients for attaining treatment goals, is a highly effective adjunct to medication for opioid use disorder. However, CM is rarely offered in opioid treatment programs in the United States. In a prior pilot trial, the implementation strategy (didactic workshop + feedback + consultation) delivered by the Addiction Technology Transfer Centers (ATTC strategy) promoted CM adoption more effectively than didactic training, but the speed and duration of implementation were sub-optimal. This 28-site type 3 hybrid trial tested the comparative effectiveness of the ATTC strategy versus an Enhanced-ATTC (E-ATTC) strategy that contained two theory-driven techniques targeting implementation climate to improve acceleration and sustainment, respectively: a provider-focused incentivization strategy and a team-focused facilitation strategy. We hypothesized that the E-ATTC strategy would be associated with superior implementation and patient outcomes.

Methods

Twenty-eight opioid treatment programs, 186 providers, and 592 patients were cluster-randomized to receive either the ATTC or E-ATTC strategy. Providers logged their CM sessions in an online CM Tracker and submitted audio-recorded CM sessions, and patients completed surveys about their opioid use at three timepoints. Intention-to-treat analyses examined impacts of the two multi-level strategies on implementation outcomes (CM Exposure, CM Competence, CM Sustainment) and patient outcomes (Opioid Abstinence, Opioid Related Problems).

Results

The pattern of results was identical across unadjusted, propensity score-adjusted, and covariate-adjusted general linear mixed models, though significance varied slightly. Relative to providers receiving the ATTC strategy, those receiving the E-ATTC strategy had significantly higher odds of CM Exposure (covariate adjusted OR = 3.21, p < 0.05) and of attaining the Excellent CM Competence benchmark (propensity-adjusted OR = 4.07, p < 0.05). Patients at the E-ATTC sites had significantly greater likelihood of Opioid Abstinence over time (OR = 2.04, p < 0.05). There were no significant conditional differences in CM Sustainment, though data were measured at the program-level, which limited power to detect differences.

Conclusions

The theory-driven E-ATTC strategy, which targeted implementation climate via facilitation and incentivization, had superior implementation and patient outcomes relative to the ATTC strategy. Results of this study can help inform ongoing CM implementation efforts across the United States.

Trial registration

This study was registered in Clinicaltrials.gov (NCT03931174) on April 23, 2019.