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Backgrounds <p>Existing methods for fluoride (F<sup>-</sup>) determination in plant material require expensive equipment and specialized reagents. This study aimed to develop a simple and cost-effective method for fluoride analysis in plant samples.</p> Results <p>Using an orthogonal assay design with certified reference material, this study optimized a sodium hydroxide extraction method (5&#xa0;mol·L<sup>-1</sup>) with heating at 120&#xa0;°C for 0.5&#xa0;h, followed by the addition of potassium acetate, ionic strength adjustment, and measurement <i>via</i> an ion-selective electrode. The method achieved a limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) of 1.41 and 4.71&#xa0;mg·kg⁻¹, respectively. Recovery rates ranged from 84.74 to 89.34% in <i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i> (intraday relative standard deviation [RSD] ≤ 2.31%, inter-day RSD ≤ 4.17%) and from 83.53 to 91.55% in <i>Camellia sinensis</i> (intraday RSD ≤ 3.11%, inter-day RSD ≤ 4.98%). In <i>A. thaliana</i> cultivated in NaF-dosed (500 µM) nutrient solution, the fluoride concentration in the shoot was 16.00&#xa0;mg·kg<sup>-1</sup>; In <i>C. sinensis</i> grown under 250 µM NaF treatment, the shoot fluoride concentration was 292.71&#xa0;mg·kg<sup>-1</sup>. Moreover, the fluoride concentration in Tea products purchased from local supermarkets ranged from 16.28 to 61.78&#xa0;mg kg<sup>-1</sup>.</p> Conclusion <p>This study presents a simple, reliable, and cost-effective method for fluoride analysis in plant materials, which can be further validated through inter-laboratory testing to establish a standardized approach.</p>

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A simple and low-cost method for fluoride analysis of plant materials using alkali extraction and ion-selective electrode

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2025年7月17日

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  • Chenyu Zhang,
  • Mark G.M. Aarts,
  • Antony van der Ent

摘要

Backgrounds

Existing methods for fluoride (F-) determination in plant material require expensive equipment and specialized reagents. This study aimed to develop a simple and cost-effective method for fluoride analysis in plant samples.

Results

Using an orthogonal assay design with certified reference material, this study optimized a sodium hydroxide extraction method (5 mol·L-1) with heating at 120 °C for 0.5 h, followed by the addition of potassium acetate, ionic strength adjustment, and measurement via an ion-selective electrode. The method achieved a limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) of 1.41 and 4.71 mg·kg⁻¹, respectively. Recovery rates ranged from 84.74 to 89.34% in Arabidopsis thaliana (intraday relative standard deviation [RSD] ≤ 2.31%, inter-day RSD ≤ 4.17%) and from 83.53 to 91.55% in Camellia sinensis (intraday RSD ≤ 3.11%, inter-day RSD ≤ 4.98%). In A. thaliana cultivated in NaF-dosed (500 µM) nutrient solution, the fluoride concentration in the shoot was 16.00 mg·kg-1; In C. sinensis grown under 250 µM NaF treatment, the shoot fluoride concentration was 292.71 mg·kg-1. Moreover, the fluoride concentration in Tea products purchased from local supermarkets ranged from 16.28 to 61.78 mg kg-1.

Conclusion

This study presents a simple, reliable, and cost-effective method for fluoride analysis in plant materials, which can be further validated through inter-laboratory testing to establish a standardized approach.