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Background <p>This study aimed to evaluate the association between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in endochondral development-related genes and cranial base 3D phenotypes.</p> Methods <p>CBCT scans and the genomic DNA of 118 individuals were evaluated (age range: 15–66 years; 82 females). Data from eleven 3D landmarks identified at the cranial base were subjected to geometric morphometric analysis, including Procrustes fit, principal component (PC) analyses, and estimation of centroid sizes and fluctuating asymmetry scores. Seven SNPs within <i>BMP2</i>, <i>BMP4</i>, <i>RUNX2</i>, and <i>SMAD6</i> were genotyped by real-time PCR. General linear models (GLM) were fitted to assess the effect of SNPs on cranial base shape, size, and symmetry quantitative traits.</p> Results <p>Seven PCs were identified for each shape variation aspect (i.e., symmetric and asymmetric components). These explained 81.9% and 84.6% of the total variation, respectively. GLM did not evidence strong associations between cranial base shape aspects and the studied SNPs. GLM including age, sex and <i>BMP2</i> rs1005464 as predictor variables, showed a strong explanatory power of the variation in the size of the cranial base (adjusted R<sup>2</sup> = 0.50). Individuals carrying at least one A allele for rs1005464 had larger cranial bases than common GG homozygotes (β = 0.015; 95% CI: 0.003, 0.027; <i>P</i> = 0.016). Fluctuating asymmetry scores were not associated with any of the evaluated SNPs.</p> Conclusions <p>The results suggest that <i>BMP2</i> rs1005464 could be associated with variations in the cranial base size.</p>

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Association between single-nucleotide polymorphisms in endochondral development-related genes and 3D phenotypic variation of the cranial base

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月21日

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  • Guido Artemio Marañón-Vásquez,
  • Mônica Tirre de Souza Araújo,
  • Antônio Carlos de Oliveira Ruellas,
  • Mírian Aiko Nakane Matsumoto,
  • Alejandro David Avalos Chávez,
  • Marcio Figueiredo,
  • Thaís de Oliveira Fernandes,
  • Lívia Azeredo Alves Antunes,
  • Manuel Lagravère Vich,
  • Rafaela Scariot,
  • Carlos Flores-Mir,
  • Christian Kirschneck,
  • Leonardo dos Santos Antunes,
  • Erika Calvano Küchler

摘要

Background

This study aimed to evaluate the association between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in endochondral development-related genes and cranial base 3D phenotypes.

Methods

CBCT scans and the genomic DNA of 118 individuals were evaluated (age range: 15–66 years; 82 females). Data from eleven 3D landmarks identified at the cranial base were subjected to geometric morphometric analysis, including Procrustes fit, principal component (PC) analyses, and estimation of centroid sizes and fluctuating asymmetry scores. Seven SNPs within BMP2, BMP4, RUNX2, and SMAD6 were genotyped by real-time PCR. General linear models (GLM) were fitted to assess the effect of SNPs on cranial base shape, size, and symmetry quantitative traits.

Results

Seven PCs were identified for each shape variation aspect (i.e., symmetric and asymmetric components). These explained 81.9% and 84.6% of the total variation, respectively. GLM did not evidence strong associations between cranial base shape aspects and the studied SNPs. GLM including age, sex and BMP2 rs1005464 as predictor variables, showed a strong explanatory power of the variation in the size of the cranial base (adjusted R2 = 0.50). Individuals carrying at least one A allele for rs1005464 had larger cranial bases than common GG homozygotes (β = 0.015; 95% CI: 0.003, 0.027; P = 0.016). Fluctuating asymmetry scores were not associated with any of the evaluated SNPs.

Conclusions

The results suggest that BMP2 rs1005464 could be associated with variations in the cranial base size.