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Background <p>Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a prevalent neurodevelopmental disorder. Despite its significance, no large-scale epidemiological study assessing ADHD, and its associated comorbidities in children and adolescents has been conducted in China.</p> Methods <p>Within a national epidemiological survey of 73,992 children and adolescents aged between 6 and 16 in China, we used the CBCL, MINI-KID, and DSM-IV to identify ADHD and its comorbid conditions. Chi-square tests were utilized to compare the prevalence estimates across varied age and sex groups.</p> Results <p>The overall ADHD prevalence was estimated at 6.4% (<i>95% CI</i>: 6.2–7.0%). Broken down by subtypes, ADHD-I had a prevalence of 3.9%, ADHD-C was at 1.7%, and ADHD-H was at 0.9%. Boys and the younger age bracket recorded higher prevalence rates for ADHD and its subtypes (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.001). Among ADHD-diagnosed individuals, 53% exhibited at least one comorbid psychiatric disorder. Oppositional defiant disorder/conduct disorder (ODD/CD) was the most prevalent comorbidity for ADHD-C and ADHD-H, at 58%, while anxiety disorders, at 17%, were predominant among ADHD-I cases. ODD/CD was notably higher among younger subjects (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.001). In contrast, anxiety disorders were more frequent in older children and in girls (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.001). Tic disorders showed a higher prevalence in younger boys, whereas mood and substance use disorders were more common in older boys (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.001).</p> Conclusions <p>ADHD is a common neurodevelopmental disorder with high comorbidity rates that vary substantially across subtypes, age, and sex. These clinical heterogeneities complicate management and highlight the need for tailored interventions.</p>

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Prevalence and comorbidity of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in Chinese school-attending students aged 6–16: a national survey

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  • 发表日期：

    2025年4月13日

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  • Jingran Liu,
  • Zhongliang Jiang,
  • Fenghua Li,
  • Yi Zheng,
  • Yonghua Cui,
  • Hui Xu,
  • Ying Li

摘要

Background

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a prevalent neurodevelopmental disorder. Despite its significance, no large-scale epidemiological study assessing ADHD, and its associated comorbidities in children and adolescents has been conducted in China.

Methods

Within a national epidemiological survey of 73,992 children and adolescents aged between 6 and 16 in China, we used the CBCL, MINI-KID, and DSM-IV to identify ADHD and its comorbid conditions. Chi-square tests were utilized to compare the prevalence estimates across varied age and sex groups.

Results

The overall ADHD prevalence was estimated at 6.4% (95% CI: 6.2–7.0%). Broken down by subtypes, ADHD-I had a prevalence of 3.9%, ADHD-C was at 1.7%, and ADHD-H was at 0.9%. Boys and the younger age bracket recorded higher prevalence rates for ADHD and its subtypes (p < 0.001). Among ADHD-diagnosed individuals, 53% exhibited at least one comorbid psychiatric disorder. Oppositional defiant disorder/conduct disorder (ODD/CD) was the most prevalent comorbidity for ADHD-C and ADHD-H, at 58%, while anxiety disorders, at 17%, were predominant among ADHD-I cases. ODD/CD was notably higher among younger subjects (p < 0.001). In contrast, anxiety disorders were more frequent in older children and in girls (p < 0.001). Tic disorders showed a higher prevalence in younger boys, whereas mood and substance use disorders were more common in older boys (p < 0.001).

Conclusions

ADHD is a common neurodevelopmental disorder with high comorbidity rates that vary substantially across subtypes, age, and sex. These clinical heterogeneities complicate management and highlight the need for tailored interventions.