Background <p>We read with great interest the article by Liu et al., titled “Clinical features and risk factors for Epstein-Barr virus-associated encephalitis: a retrospective cohort study.” The study provides valuable insights into the clinical spectrum and risk factors associated with EBV-related encephalitis.</p> Main body <p>While Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) is frequently detected in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) during CNS infections, its role as a primary pathogen remains uncertain, especially in immunocompromised patients. We commend the authors for their efforts but seek clarification on the diagnostic criteria used to attribute causality to EBV. Specifically, we question whether the diagnosis relied solely on the detection of EBV DNA in the CSF or whether supporting parameters, such as viral load, CSF/serum ratios, or intrathecal antibody synthesis, were considered. The distinction between causative and incidental EBV detection is clinically significant and remains a challenge in neuroinfectious disease practice.</p> Conclusion <p>Further elaboration on how EBV-associated encephalitis was defined in the study would enhance its clinical relevance and aid practitioners encountering similar diagnostic complexities.</p>