Perturbation-based estimation of within-stride cycle metabolic cost

Metabolic cost greatly impacts trade-offs within a variety of human movements. Standard respiratory measurements only obtain the mean cost of a movement cycle, preventing understanding of the contributions of different phases in, for example, walking. We present a method that estimates the within-stride cost of walking by leveraging measurements under different force perturbations. The method reproduces time series with greater consistency (r = 0.55 and 0.80 in two datasets) than previous model-based estimations (r = 0.29). This perturbation-based method reveals how the cost of push-off (10%) is much smaller than would be expected from positive mechanical work (~ 70%). This work elucidates the costliest phases during walking, offering new targets for assistive devices and rehabilitation strategies.