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Background <p>Cigarette smoking remains one of the leading preventable causes of morbidity and premature mortality worldwide. Lesotho continues to experience a substantial burden of tobacco-related diseases despite global and national tobacco control efforts. Understanding the socio-economic and demographic factors influencing cigarette smoking among men helps design targeted prevention strategies. Despite this, there is a dearth of recent literature and nationally representative studies that address this gap in Lesotho. This study aimed to examine factors associated with current cigarette smoking among men in Lesotho using data from the 2023-24 Lesotho Demographic and Health Survey (2023-24 LDHS).</p> Methods <p>A cross-sectional analytical study was conducted using the 2023-24 Lesotho DHS male recode dataset, comprising records of 3,215 men aged 15–59 years. Survey-weighted descriptive statistics and multivariable logistic regression were used to examine socio-demographic, socioeconomic, behavioural and health-related correlates of cigarette smoking.</p> Results <p>Cigarette smoking varied significantly across demographic, socioeconomic and behavioural factors. Age and alcohol consumption were the strongest predictors of cigarette smoking. Relative to adolescents aged 15–19 years, men aged 20–29 years (aOR = 3.97; 95% CI 2.77–5.68) and 30–44 years (aOR = 4.25; 95% CI 3.05–5.92) had nearly four-fold higher odds of cigarette smoking. Alcohol use emerged as the strongest correlate, with men who consumed alcohol having nearly five times higher odds of cigarette smoking (aOR = 4.69; 95% CI 3.68–5.99). However, higher education (aOR = 0.50; 95% CI 0.30–0.85) and higher wealth status (richest: aOR = 0.43; 95% CI 0.29–0.63) were associated with reduced odds of cigarette smoking.</p> Conclusion <p>Cigarette smoking among men in Lesotho is driven by an interplay of behavioural, demographic, and socioeconomic factors. Targeted interventions combining anti-tobacco campaigns, education and awareness, and community-level health promotion are therefore more likely to be effective than uniform, population-wide approaches.</p>

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Determinants of cigarette smoking among men in Lesotho using the 2023–24 demographic and health survey data

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月19日

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  • John Batani,
  • Rutendo Birri Makota,
  • Elliot Mbunge

摘要

Background

Cigarette smoking remains one of the leading preventable causes of morbidity and premature mortality worldwide. Lesotho continues to experience a substantial burden of tobacco-related diseases despite global and national tobacco control efforts. Understanding the socio-economic and demographic factors influencing cigarette smoking among men helps design targeted prevention strategies. Despite this, there is a dearth of recent literature and nationally representative studies that address this gap in Lesotho. This study aimed to examine factors associated with current cigarette smoking among men in Lesotho using data from the 2023-24 Lesotho Demographic and Health Survey (2023-24 LDHS).

Methods

A cross-sectional analytical study was conducted using the 2023-24 Lesotho DHS male recode dataset, comprising records of 3,215 men aged 15–59 years. Survey-weighted descriptive statistics and multivariable logistic regression were used to examine socio-demographic, socioeconomic, behavioural and health-related correlates of cigarette smoking.

Results

Cigarette smoking varied significantly across demographic, socioeconomic and behavioural factors. Age and alcohol consumption were the strongest predictors of cigarette smoking. Relative to adolescents aged 15–19 years, men aged 20–29 years (aOR = 3.97; 95% CI 2.77–5.68) and 30–44 years (aOR = 4.25; 95% CI 3.05–5.92) had nearly four-fold higher odds of cigarette smoking. Alcohol use emerged as the strongest correlate, with men who consumed alcohol having nearly five times higher odds of cigarette smoking (aOR = 4.69; 95% CI 3.68–5.99). However, higher education (aOR = 0.50; 95% CI 0.30–0.85) and higher wealth status (richest: aOR = 0.43; 95% CI 0.29–0.63) were associated with reduced odds of cigarette smoking.

Conclusion

Cigarette smoking among men in Lesotho is driven by an interplay of behavioural, demographic, and socioeconomic factors. Targeted interventions combining anti-tobacco campaigns, education and awareness, and community-level health promotion are therefore more likely to be effective than uniform, population-wide approaches.