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Background <p>Preeclampsia (PE) is a leading cause of maternal and perinatal mortality, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa. While established risk factors include advanced maternal age, chronic hypertension, and family history, the role of modifiable lifestyle factors like alcohol consumption remains inconclusive, especially in African populations. This study investigated the influence of alcohol use on factors associated with preeclampsia among pregnant women in Zambia.</p> Methods <p>A retrospective hospital-based case-control study was conducted at Livingstone University Teaching Hospital (LUTH). Data were retrospectively abstracted from records of 736 pregnant women aged 15–42 years. Preeclampsia status (case vs. control) was defined as the primary outcome, and participants were stratified by alcohol consumption (exposure) to assess its influence on associated risk factors. Preeclampsia was defined as new-onset hypertension (≥ 140/90 mmHg) with proteinuria (≥ 1 + on dipstick) after 20 weeks of gestation. Univariable and multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed to identify factors associated with preeclampsia, stratified by alcohol consumption status.</p> Results <p>Of 736 women, 98 (13.3%) reported alcohol use. The prevalence of preeclampsia was higher among alcohol users (21.4%, 21/98) compared to non-users (11.3%, 72/638). Among non-alcohol users, multivariable analysis identified advanced maternal age (Adjusted Odds Ratio, AOR = 1.07 per year; 95% CI: 1.01–1.12; <i>p</i> = 0.007), a history of chronic hypertension (AOR = 3.30; 95% CI: 1.18–9.18; <i>p</i> = 0.022), and a family history of preeclampsia (AOR = 5.67; 95% CI: 1.05–30.4; <i>p</i> = 0.043) as independent predictors of preeclampsia. Among alcohol users, no variables retained statistical significance in the adjusted model, likely due to the limited sample size.</p> Conclusions <p>Established predictors of preeclampsia such as maternal age, chronic hypertension, and familial predisposition were robustly associated with disease risk among non-alcohol-consuming women. Among alcohol users, small sample size and wide confidence intervals limited definitive conclusions, suggesting that alcohol consumption may alter observable risk profiles or reduce statistical power to detect associations. These findings highlight the importance of considering alcohol exposure in preeclampsia risk assessment and underscore the need for larger prospective studies to clarify the modifying role of alcohol in hypertensive disorders of pregnancy in sub-Saharan Africa.</p>

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Alcohol interference in factors associated with preeclampsia at Livingstone University Teaching Hospital

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月14日

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  • Martin Chakulya,
  • David Chisompola,
  • Lukundo Siame,
  • Hanzooma Hatwiko,
  • Benson M. Hamooya,
  • Sepiso K. Masenga

摘要

Background

Preeclampsia (PE) is a leading cause of maternal and perinatal mortality, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa. While established risk factors include advanced maternal age, chronic hypertension, and family history, the role of modifiable lifestyle factors like alcohol consumption remains inconclusive, especially in African populations. This study investigated the influence of alcohol use on factors associated with preeclampsia among pregnant women in Zambia.

Methods

A retrospective hospital-based case-control study was conducted at Livingstone University Teaching Hospital (LUTH). Data were retrospectively abstracted from records of 736 pregnant women aged 15–42 years. Preeclampsia status (case vs. control) was defined as the primary outcome, and participants were stratified by alcohol consumption (exposure) to assess its influence on associated risk factors. Preeclampsia was defined as new-onset hypertension (≥ 140/90 mmHg) with proteinuria (≥ 1 + on dipstick) after 20 weeks of gestation. Univariable and multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed to identify factors associated with preeclampsia, stratified by alcohol consumption status.

Results

Of 736 women, 98 (13.3%) reported alcohol use. The prevalence of preeclampsia was higher among alcohol users (21.4%, 21/98) compared to non-users (11.3%, 72/638). Among non-alcohol users, multivariable analysis identified advanced maternal age (Adjusted Odds Ratio, AOR = 1.07 per year; 95% CI: 1.01–1.12; p = 0.007), a history of chronic hypertension (AOR = 3.30; 95% CI: 1.18–9.18; p = 0.022), and a family history of preeclampsia (AOR = 5.67; 95% CI: 1.05–30.4; p = 0.043) as independent predictors of preeclampsia. Among alcohol users, no variables retained statistical significance in the adjusted model, likely due to the limited sample size.

Conclusions

Established predictors of preeclampsia such as maternal age, chronic hypertension, and familial predisposition were robustly associated with disease risk among non-alcohol-consuming women. Among alcohol users, small sample size and wide confidence intervals limited definitive conclusions, suggesting that alcohol consumption may alter observable risk profiles or reduce statistical power to detect associations. These findings highlight the importance of considering alcohol exposure in preeclampsia risk assessment and underscore the need for larger prospective studies to clarify the modifying role of alcohol in hypertensive disorders of pregnancy in sub-Saharan Africa.