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Introduction <p>Dietary exposure is a prominent exposure pathway of the general public to pesticides. The study assessed levels of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in commonly consumed green leafy vegetables (GLVs) and the health risks associated with dietary exposure to the detected pesticides.</p> Methods <p>The level of organochlorine pesticide residues was determined using a Gas Chromatograph (GC) coupled with an Electron Capture Detector (ECD), while the health risks associated with dietary exposure to the detected OCPs were estimated for both adults and children consuming the green leafy vegetables.</p> Results <p>The percentage occurrence of the OCPs varied widely among the vegetables, with frequencies ranging from 0% to 100% depending on the pesticide. Methoxychlor had the highest mean concentration (mg/kg) for amaranths (1.796), jute (1.322), fluted pumpkin (0.956) and indigenous vegetables (0.658), while endosulfan I and γ-chlordane had the highest mean concentration for cabbage (0.682), and γ-HCH (1.230) had the highest concentration for celosia. The mean concentrations generally exceeded European Union Maximum Residue Limits. The non-carcinogenic health risk assessment was found to be highly significant, particularly among children with cumulative hazard indices in the order celosia (19.4) &gt; jute (16.9) &gt; amaranths (16.3) &gt; indigenous vegetables (7.8) &gt; cabbage (7.6) &gt; fluted pumpkin (7.2). In the children’s category, the carcinogenic health risk associated with HCHs (α, β), heptachlor, heptachlor epoxide, and γ-chlordane detected in all the GLVs (1.05 × 10⁻⁴ to 2.55 × 10⁻⁴) surpassed the maximum risk threshold (1 in 10, 000 people) while adult exposure to α-HCH (1.21 × 10⁻⁴ to 7.28 × 10⁻⁴) detected in all the vegetables exceeded the 1 × 10⁻⁴ threshold. Thus, there is potential for carcinogenic risk (such as liver tumour, liver carcinoma, hepatocellular tumour/carcinomas) for adult and children consumers with lifetime exposure to vegetables.</p> Conclusion <p>These findings reveal an urgent need for stricter enforcement of pesticide import and use regulations by relevant regulatory agencies and enhanced monitoring of pesticide residues in Nigeria’s commonly/locally consumed foods to reduce potential adverse health effects.</p>

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Dietary exposure to organochlorine pesticides residues in Nigerian green leafy vegetables

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2025年11月17日

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  • Mosudi B. Sosan,
  • Adeoluwa O. Adeleye,
  • John Adekunle O. Oyekunle,
  • Abimbola Oluwaranti,
  • Akeem A. Oyerinde,
  • Rabiu S. Adamu

摘要

Introduction

Dietary exposure is a prominent exposure pathway of the general public to pesticides. The study assessed levels of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in commonly consumed green leafy vegetables (GLVs) and the health risks associated with dietary exposure to the detected pesticides.

Methods

The level of organochlorine pesticide residues was determined using a Gas Chromatograph (GC) coupled with an Electron Capture Detector (ECD), while the health risks associated with dietary exposure to the detected OCPs were estimated for both adults and children consuming the green leafy vegetables.

Results

The percentage occurrence of the OCPs varied widely among the vegetables, with frequencies ranging from 0% to 100% depending on the pesticide. Methoxychlor had the highest mean concentration (mg/kg) for amaranths (1.796), jute (1.322), fluted pumpkin (0.956) and indigenous vegetables (0.658), while endosulfan I and γ-chlordane had the highest mean concentration for cabbage (0.682), and γ-HCH (1.230) had the highest concentration for celosia. The mean concentrations generally exceeded European Union Maximum Residue Limits. The non-carcinogenic health risk assessment was found to be highly significant, particularly among children with cumulative hazard indices in the order celosia (19.4) > jute (16.9) > amaranths (16.3) > indigenous vegetables (7.8) > cabbage (7.6) > fluted pumpkin (7.2). In the children’s category, the carcinogenic health risk associated with HCHs (α, β), heptachlor, heptachlor epoxide, and γ-chlordane detected in all the GLVs (1.05 × 10⁻⁴ to 2.55 × 10⁻⁴) surpassed the maximum risk threshold (1 in 10, 000 people) while adult exposure to α-HCH (1.21 × 10⁻⁴ to 7.28 × 10⁻⁴) detected in all the vegetables exceeded the 1 × 10⁻⁴ threshold. Thus, there is potential for carcinogenic risk (such as liver tumour, liver carcinoma, hepatocellular tumour/carcinomas) for adult and children consumers with lifetime exposure to vegetables.

Conclusion

These findings reveal an urgent need for stricter enforcement of pesticide import and use regulations by relevant regulatory agencies and enhanced monitoring of pesticide residues in Nigeria’s commonly/locally consumed foods to reduce potential adverse health effects.