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Background <p>Hookah consumption is associated with severe health complications and an elevated risk of developing cardiovascular diseases. Paradoxically, research has indicated that hookah users often underestimate the true dangers and health complications associated with its consumption. After conducting a comprehensive literature review, the research gap was identified as the lack of research on the perceived risk of non-communicable diseases (including cardiovascular diseases) amongIranian hookah users. Therefore, this study was designed to assess the perceived risk of Myocardial Infarction (MI), stroke, and hypertension diseases among hookah users.</p> Methods <p>This cross-sectional study recruited 340 current and former hookah users in Golestan province, northern Iran, using available and network sampling methods. Participants completed questionnaires on their perceptions of the risks associated with hookah consumption. Multiple linear regression analysis was employed to explore the factors associated with the perceived risk of cardiovascular diseases among hookah users. Data analysis was carried out using Stata software version 16, with a significance level of less than 0.05.</p> Results <p>The results revealed that the mean perceived risk of cardiovascular diseases among the study participants was 7.75 ± 5.13 out of a total score of 20. Individuals who used other forms of tobacco in addition to hookah (such as cigarettes and nass), those with intentions to quit hookah consumption in the next 6 months, and also those with a more negative attitude towards hookah exhibited a significantly higher perceived risk of cardiovascular diseases.Unemployed people had the lowest risk perception than other job groups.</p> Conclusion <p>The perceived risk of cardiovascular diseases among the study participants was generally low. Moreover, the perceived risk was lower among individuals who solely used hookah, those with a positive attitude towards hookah, and thosewith no plans to quit hookah usesoon. Therefore, public health interventionsshould be designed targeting these groups to increase their awareness of the associated risks of hookah use. Further interventions could be developed to assist these groups in quitting hookah consumption.</p>

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Perceived risk of cardiovascular disease among Hookah users in Iran

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2025年7月29日

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  • Abdurrahman Charkazi,
  • Abdurraouf Cheperli,
  • Fatemeh Zarghami,
  • Ali Shahryari,
  • Abdolhalim Rajabi

摘要

Background

Hookah consumption is associated with severe health complications and an elevated risk of developing cardiovascular diseases. Paradoxically, research has indicated that hookah users often underestimate the true dangers and health complications associated with its consumption. After conducting a comprehensive literature review, the research gap was identified as the lack of research on the perceived risk of non-communicable diseases (including cardiovascular diseases) amongIranian hookah users. Therefore, this study was designed to assess the perceived risk of Myocardial Infarction (MI), stroke, and hypertension diseases among hookah users.

Methods

This cross-sectional study recruited 340 current and former hookah users in Golestan province, northern Iran, using available and network sampling methods. Participants completed questionnaires on their perceptions of the risks associated with hookah consumption. Multiple linear regression analysis was employed to explore the factors associated with the perceived risk of cardiovascular diseases among hookah users. Data analysis was carried out using Stata software version 16, with a significance level of less than 0.05.

Results

The results revealed that the mean perceived risk of cardiovascular diseases among the study participants was 7.75 ± 5.13 out of a total score of 20. Individuals who used other forms of tobacco in addition to hookah (such as cigarettes and nass), those with intentions to quit hookah consumption in the next 6 months, and also those with a more negative attitude towards hookah exhibited a significantly higher perceived risk of cardiovascular diseases.Unemployed people had the lowest risk perception than other job groups.

Conclusion

The perceived risk of cardiovascular diseases among the study participants was generally low. Moreover, the perceived risk was lower among individuals who solely used hookah, those with a positive attitude towards hookah, and thosewith no plans to quit hookah usesoon. Therefore, public health interventionsshould be designed targeting these groups to increase their awareness of the associated risks of hookah use. Further interventions could be developed to assist these groups in quitting hookah consumption.