Background Neonatal sevoflurane exposure in mice induces microglial activation and long-term cognitive deficits, a finding that raises significant concerns for pediatric anesthesia. The lung-brain axis, a critical pathway mediating pulmonary-central nervous system communication, is indispensable for maintaining organismal homeostasis. However, existing research on anesthetic neurotoxicity has focused predominantly on central mechanisms, with insufficient attention to the lung—a major immune organ with extensive bidirectional crosstalk with the brain. Herein, we aim to explore the lung-brain interactions underlying long-term cognitive sequelae of neonatal sevoflurane exposure. Methods C57BL/6J mice were selected and exposed to 3% sevoflurane for 2 h daily on postnatal days 6–8. Upon reaching adulthood, cognitive function and microglial activation status were evaluated. At 4 weeks post-exposure, 16S rRNA gene sequencing and metabolomic analysis were performed respectively to characterize the structure of the pulmonary microbiota and the metabolite profile. Proximity ligation assay (PLA), fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy-fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FLIM-FRET), and co-immunoprecipitation (COIP) were employed to investigate the molecular mechanisms by which lung-derived metabolites mediate brain effects. Additionally, rescue experiments were conducted by administering the sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor modulator FTY720 and Moce to validate the aforementioned effects. Results Repeated neonatal sevoflurane exposure impaired adult cognitive function, induced microglial activation, and was concurrent with pulmonary microbiome dysbiosis and metabolic alterations. Notably, sphingosine—a key membrane lipid—was significantly decreased. Intratracheal administration of FTY720, a sphingosine analog, alleviated neuroinflammation and ameliorated cognitive deficits. Mechanistically, sevoflurane exposure upregulated HDAC1 and downregulated KLF4, whereas FTY720 significantly rescued these sevoflurane-induced expression aberrations, implicating the HDAC1/KLF4 axis in the regulation of neuroinflammation. Additionally, MOCE significantly alleviated neuroinflammation and ameliorated cognitive deficits. Conclusions Developmental sevoflurane exposure induces microglial activation and cognitive decline via a pulmonary dysbiosis-sphingosine reduction cascade. The sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor modulator FTY720 mitigates this impairment by regulating microglial activation and neuroinflammation. These findings reveal novel mechanisms of anesthetic neurotoxicity and identify potential neuroprotective targets for pediatric anesthesia.

Neonatal sevoflurane exposure disrupts the lung–brain axis and drives microglial neuroinflammation and cognitive deficits

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2026年4月14日

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Lirong Liang,
Shuhui Cao,
Youyi Zhao,
Bing Liu,
Jiachen Wang,
Peiqin Gong,
Yifei Wang,
Guanghui Hao,
Xingchen ZhangMu,
Naining Lu,
Haopeng Zhang,
Shengxi Wu,
Fang Kuang,
Hui Zhang

摘要

Background

Neonatal sevoflurane exposure in mice induces microglial activation and long-term cognitive deficits, a finding that raises significant concerns for pediatric anesthesia. The lung-brain axis, a critical pathway mediating pulmonary-central nervous system communication, is indispensable for maintaining organismal homeostasis. However, existing research on anesthetic neurotoxicity has focused predominantly on central mechanisms, with insufficient attention to the lung—a major immune organ with extensive bidirectional crosstalk with the brain. Herein, we aim to explore the lung-brain interactions underlying long-term cognitive sequelae of neonatal sevoflurane exposure.

Methods

C57BL/6J mice were selected and exposed to 3% sevoflurane for 2 h daily on postnatal days 6–8. Upon reaching adulthood, cognitive function and microglial activation status were evaluated. At 4 weeks post-exposure, 16S rRNA gene sequencing and metabolomic analysis were performed respectively to characterize the structure of the pulmonary microbiota and the metabolite profile. Proximity ligation assay (PLA), fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy-fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FLIM-FRET), and co-immunoprecipitation (COIP) were employed to investigate the molecular mechanisms by which lung-derived metabolites mediate brain effects. Additionally, rescue experiments were conducted by administering the sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor modulator FTY720 and Moce to validate the aforementioned effects.

Results

Repeated neonatal sevoflurane exposure impaired adult cognitive function, induced microglial activation, and was concurrent with pulmonary microbiome dysbiosis and metabolic alterations. Notably, sphingosine—a key membrane lipid—was significantly decreased. Intratracheal administration of FTY720, a sphingosine analog, alleviated neuroinflammation and ameliorated cognitive deficits. Mechanistically, sevoflurane exposure upregulated HDAC1 and downregulated KLF4, whereas FTY720 significantly rescued these sevoflurane-induced expression aberrations, implicating the HDAC1/KLF4 axis in the regulation of neuroinflammation. Additionally, MOCE significantly alleviated neuroinflammation and ameliorated cognitive deficits.

Conclusions

Developmental sevoflurane exposure induces microglial activation and cognitive decline via a pulmonary dysbiosis-sphingosine reduction cascade. The sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor modulator FTY720 mitigates this impairment by regulating microglial activation and neuroinflammation. These findings reveal novel mechanisms of anesthetic neurotoxicity and identify potential neuroprotective targets for pediatric anesthesia.