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Background <p>Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), Barrett’s esophagus (BE), and esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) form a recognized pathological continuum, but the causal immune and inflammatory processes driving progression remain incompletely defined.</p> Methods <p>Summary-level genome-wide association study (GWAS) data were analyzed for 91 circulating inflammatory proteins (<i>n</i> = 14,824), 731 immune cell phenotypes (<i>n</i> = 3,757), and three esophageal diseases (GERD, BE, and EAC). Bidirectional and two-step Mendelian randomization (MR) were used to infer causal effects and mediation, with Cochran’s Q, MR-Egger, and MR-PRESSO applied to assess heterogeneity and pleiotropy. Causal interaction networks were reconstructed to map immune- and inflammation-dominant regulatory patterns across disease stages, and MR-prioritized signals were experimentally validated in esophagogastric junction (EGJ) organoids and mouse models.</p> Results <p>MR supported a causal GERD-BE-EAC sequence, with BE mediating 31.95% of the total GERD-to-EAC effect. In total, 139 immune cell traits and 29 inflammatory proteins showed causal links to disease risk. Mediation analyses highlighted M-CSF1 and HLA-DR+CD4 + T cells as central hubs. Guided by the MR-prioritized FGF19-HLA-DR + T-cell axis, experimental studies demonstrated that FGF19 promotes EGJ glandular conversion and increases infiltration of HLA-DR+ CD4+/CD8 + T cells, validated in EGJ organoids and mouse models.</p> Conclusions <p>This integrated genetic and experimental framework delineates a bidirectional immune-inflammation regulatory network underlying progression from GERD to BE and EAC. FGF19 emerges as a candidate cytokine driving EGJ glandular remodeling through HLA-DR+ CD4+/CD8 + T-cell associated immune activation, providing candidate molecular targets for early prevention and intervention.</p>

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Causal immune-inflammation mapping of the GERD-Barrett-adenocarcinoma cascade identifies FGF19-HLA-DR⁺ T-cell axis driving esophagogastric junction metaplasia

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月14日

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  • Yixin Liu,
  • Zhipeng Gong,
  • Yuwen Tan,
  • Sicheng Liu,
  • Yanxin Li,
  • Guangzhi Ma,
  • Yifei He,
  • Jiajia Du,
  • Jianfeng Zhou

摘要

Background

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), Barrett’s esophagus (BE), and esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) form a recognized pathological continuum, but the causal immune and inflammatory processes driving progression remain incompletely defined.

Methods

Summary-level genome-wide association study (GWAS) data were analyzed for 91 circulating inflammatory proteins (n = 14,824), 731 immune cell phenotypes (n = 3,757), and three esophageal diseases (GERD, BE, and EAC). Bidirectional and two-step Mendelian randomization (MR) were used to infer causal effects and mediation, with Cochran’s Q, MR-Egger, and MR-PRESSO applied to assess heterogeneity and pleiotropy. Causal interaction networks were reconstructed to map immune- and inflammation-dominant regulatory patterns across disease stages, and MR-prioritized signals were experimentally validated in esophagogastric junction (EGJ) organoids and mouse models.

Results

MR supported a causal GERD-BE-EAC sequence, with BE mediating 31.95% of the total GERD-to-EAC effect. In total, 139 immune cell traits and 29 inflammatory proteins showed causal links to disease risk. Mediation analyses highlighted M-CSF1 and HLA-DR+CD4 + T cells as central hubs. Guided by the MR-prioritized FGF19-HLA-DR + T-cell axis, experimental studies demonstrated that FGF19 promotes EGJ glandular conversion and increases infiltration of HLA-DR+ CD4+/CD8 + T cells, validated in EGJ organoids and mouse models.

Conclusions

This integrated genetic and experimental framework delineates a bidirectional immune-inflammation regulatory network underlying progression from GERD to BE and EAC. FGF19 emerges as a candidate cytokine driving EGJ glandular remodeling through HLA-DR+ CD4+/CD8 + T-cell associated immune activation, providing candidate molecular targets for early prevention and intervention.