Scholarlink

<p>Solid tumors remain difficult to treat due to antigen heterogeneity, physical barriers that limit immune-cell trafficking, and a profoundly immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME). Over the past decade, cancer immunotherapy advanced considerably through innovative strategies, including macrophage reprogramming and CAR-macrophages, dendritic-cell (DC) vaccines, natural killer (NK) and natural killer T (NKT) cell approaches, tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte (TIL) therapy, TCR-engineered and CAR-T cells, emerging B-cell engineering, and cell-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs). Here we summarize how each modality interacts with the TME, highlight key clinical milestones (e.g., FDA approval of a TIL product for melanoma in 2024), and outline bioengineering strategies—multi-antigen targeting, cytokine armoring, trafficking cues, and safety switches—that aim to overcome resistance and toxicity. We also review EV-based, cell-free strategies that retain tumor specificity with potentially improved safety and manufacturability. Finally, we discuss remaining barriers—standardized manufacturing, on-target/off-tumor effects, limited persistence—and propose rational combinations with checkpoint blockade, radiotherapy, and targeted agents. This overview positions immune cell–based therapy as a rapidly maturing, transformative approach for solid tumors.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

错误：搜索内容不能为空，请输入英文关键词
错误：关键词超出字数限制，请精简
高级检索

Immune cell-based therapies for solid tumors, current challenges and therapeutic advances

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

    开放获取

  • 发表日期：

    2025年12月31日

查看全文
  • Shukoofeh Torabi,
  • Elham Yekzaman,
  • Soroush Taherkhani,
  • Negin Talachi,
  • Roya Khoshravesh,
  • Arezoo Khosravi,
  • Mahsa Salehi,
  • Ali Zarrabi,
  • Massoud Vosough

摘要

Solid tumors remain difficult to treat due to antigen heterogeneity, physical barriers that limit immune-cell trafficking, and a profoundly immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME). Over the past decade, cancer immunotherapy advanced considerably through innovative strategies, including macrophage reprogramming and CAR-macrophages, dendritic-cell (DC) vaccines, natural killer (NK) and natural killer T (NKT) cell approaches, tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte (TIL) therapy, TCR-engineered and CAR-T cells, emerging B-cell engineering, and cell-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs). Here we summarize how each modality interacts with the TME, highlight key clinical milestones (e.g., FDA approval of a TIL product for melanoma in 2024), and outline bioengineering strategies—multi-antigen targeting, cytokine armoring, trafficking cues, and safety switches—that aim to overcome resistance and toxicity. We also review EV-based, cell-free strategies that retain tumor specificity with potentially improved safety and manufacturability. Finally, we discuss remaining barriers—standardized manufacturing, on-target/off-tumor effects, limited persistence—and propose rational combinations with checkpoint blockade, radiotherapy, and targeted agents. This overview positions immune cell–based therapy as a rapidly maturing, transformative approach for solid tumors.

Graphical abstract