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Background <p>Recent advancements in haemophilia treatment have dramatically reduced the frequency of symptomatic bleeding. However, minor, asymptomatic bleeding may contribute to the progression of joint damage and decrease quality of life. Detecting small amounts of blood with minimal flow is difficult using existing testing methods, necessitating the development of new diagnostic approaches.</p> Aim <p>To determine whether tiny amounts of blood injected subcutaneously, intramuscularly, and intra-articularly can be detected in a pig to assess the feasibility of detecting microbleeds in people with haemophilia.</p> Methods <p>Pig whole blood was injected subcutaneously, intramuscularly, and intra-articularly into the isolated hind limbs of pigs. Photoacoustic imaging (PAI) was performed using an Acoustic X device (CYBERDYNE INC, Tsukuba, Japan) to detect blood signals.</p> Results <p>Following the injection of 200 µL of blood, conventional ultrasound imaging revealed no discernible changes, such as echo-free spaces. Conversely, on PAI, a signal indicating the presence of blood was detected.</p> Conclusions <p>We have demonstrated that even very small amounts of nonflowing blood injected into the subcutaneous tissue, muscle, and joint of the hind limbs of pigs can be detected using PAI. We believe that the results of this study show the potential of this technique for detecting microbleeds in people with haemophilia.</p> Trial registration <p>Not applicable.</p>

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Feasibility of the photoacoustic detection of haemophilia-related microbleeds: a preclinical study using isolated pig limbs

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月16日

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  • Asuka Sakata,
  • Yusuke Inagaki,
  • Naoto Sato,
  • Ryuhei Ogawa,
  • Yuya Mawarikado,
  • Kimiko Shimizu,
  • Kohei Tatsumi,
  • Tetsuhiro Soeda,
  • Akira Kido,
  • Midori Shima,
  • Keiji Nogami

摘要

Background

Recent advancements in haemophilia treatment have dramatically reduced the frequency of symptomatic bleeding. However, minor, asymptomatic bleeding may contribute to the progression of joint damage and decrease quality of life. Detecting small amounts of blood with minimal flow is difficult using existing testing methods, necessitating the development of new diagnostic approaches.

Aim

To determine whether tiny amounts of blood injected subcutaneously, intramuscularly, and intra-articularly can be detected in a pig to assess the feasibility of detecting microbleeds in people with haemophilia.

Methods

Pig whole blood was injected subcutaneously, intramuscularly, and intra-articularly into the isolated hind limbs of pigs. Photoacoustic imaging (PAI) was performed using an Acoustic X device (CYBERDYNE INC, Tsukuba, Japan) to detect blood signals.

Results

Following the injection of 200 µL of blood, conventional ultrasound imaging revealed no discernible changes, such as echo-free spaces. Conversely, on PAI, a signal indicating the presence of blood was detected.

Conclusions

We have demonstrated that even very small amounts of nonflowing blood injected into the subcutaneous tissue, muscle, and joint of the hind limbs of pigs can be detected using PAI. We believe that the results of this study show the potential of this technique for detecting microbleeds in people with haemophilia.

Trial registration

Not applicable.