Background <p>The impact of climate change on human health is well established; however, its effect on the prevalence of female infertility is poorly understood. In this study, we aimed to investigate the association between ambient temperature changes and the prevalence of female infertility.</p> Methods <p>In this ecological study, 174 countries and regions were included. We utilized 2000–2019 data on the age-standardized prevalence rate (ASPR) of female infertility and temperature data from Global Burden of Disease, ERA5 (fifth generation European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts atmospheric reanalysis for the global climate), and Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 databases. Temperature over 12 months was averaged to express the annual temperature estimates, and the deviance percentage of temperature (DPT) was calculated based on the 20-year average temperature. Three-node restricted cubic spline curves were used to evaluate the association between temperature and the ASPR of female infertility. Linear mixed-effects models, with country code as a random effect, were used to estimate the effect size (β) and 95% confidence interval (CI) for DPT and the ASPR of female infertility. Adjusted linear mixed-effects models were used to predict the impact of future temperature changes (2020–2030) on the ASPR of female infertility.</p> Results <p>Between 2000 and 2019, a U-shaped relationship was observed between temperature and the ASPR of female infertility, with the lowest ASPR occurring at 15 ℃. Increased DPT was associated with an increased ASPR of female infertility, with an adjusted β (95% CI) of 78.952 (10.514, 147.710). Future temperature increases will further elevate the ASPR of female infertility.</p> Conclusion <p>Globally, temperature changes may be associated with an increase in the ASPR of female infertility.</p>