Age-related testosterone decline: mechanisms and intervention strategies

Contemporary societies exhibit delayed reproductive age and increased life expectancy. While the male reproductive system demonstrates relatively delayed aging compared to that of females, increasing age substantially impacts its function. A characteristic manifestation is age-induced testosterone decline. Testosterone, a crucial male sex hormone, plays pivotal roles in spermatogenesis and sexual function, and contributes significantly to metabolism, psychology, and cardiovascular health. Aging exerts profound effects on the hypothalamic-pituitary–gonadal axis and Leydig cells, precipitating testosterone reduction, which adversely affects male health. Exogenous testosterone supplementation can partially ameliorate age-related testosterone deficiency; however, its long-term safety remains contentious. Preserving endogenous testosterone production capacity during the aging process warrants further investigation as a potential intervention strategy.