The role of viral infection in implantation failure: direct and indirect effects

Implantation is the key initial complex stage of pregnancy. Several factors are involved in implantation, but acute and controlled inflammation has been shown to play as a key role. On the other hand, the role of viral infections in directly infecting blastocyst and trophoblast and inducing chronic and uncontrolled inflammation and disrupting microRNAs expression can make this review strongly attractive and practical. We aim to provide an overview of viral infections as the potential etiology of unsuccessful implantation pathophysiology through alteration of the cellular and molecular endometrial microenvironment. Based on our search, this is the first review to discuss the role of inflammation associated with viral infection in implantation failure.