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<p>Although fungicide application via unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) is increasingly used and has proven effective, concentrated deposition of fungicides can lead to phytotoxicity. Here, we developed Pro@CS/PQ, a nanofungicide comprising a chitosan (CS) core loaded with propiconazole (Pro) and a pectin–quercetin conjugate (PQ) shell. This dual-functional platform combines on-demand release with antioxidant buffering. Pro@CS/PQ released propiconazole more rapidly under acidic or pectinase-rich conditions, reaching 87.4% cumulative release within 72&#xa0;h. Quercetin simultaneously protects plant tissues from oxidative stress and maintains redox homeostasis under excessive fungicide exposure. Compared with propiconazole emulsifiable concentrate (Pro EC), Pro@CS/PQ showed enhanced antifungal activity against <i>Rhizoctonia solani</i>, <i>Fusarium fujikuroi</i>, <i>Botrytis cinerea</i>, and <i>Magnaporthe oryzae</i>. In detached rice leaves infected with <i>R. solani</i>, Pro@CS/PQ at 50&#xa0;mg·L⁻¹ achieved protective and curative efficacies of 85.8% and 70.8%, which were significantly higher than those of Pro EC. Pro@CS/PQ also exhibited improved foliar adhesion, maintaining over 60% leaf retention after water washing, approximately twice the retention of Pro EC. At concentrations up to four times the recommended rate, Pro@CS/PQ caused no visible phytotoxicity, whereas Pro EC induced severe leaf damage at half that concentration. Metabolomic analysis confirmed that Pro@CS/PQ mitigated propiconazole-induced metabolic perturbations and preserved homeostasis of key metabolic pathways involving amino acids, carbohydrates, and pyrimidines. This work offers a promising solution for safe and effective application of triazole fungicides.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Pathogen-microenvironment-responsive and antioxidant-buffered propiconazole nanofungicide for safe and effective fungal disease control

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

    开放获取

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月8日

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  • Xin Shi,
  • Qizhen Zhang,
  • Xunian Chang,
  • Tingting Wang,
  • Feifei Tian,
  • Xiaolin Li,
  • Anyu Gu,
  • Xili Liu,
  • Pengfei Liu

摘要

Although fungicide application via unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) is increasingly used and has proven effective, concentrated deposition of fungicides can lead to phytotoxicity. Here, we developed Pro@CS/PQ, a nanofungicide comprising a chitosan (CS) core loaded with propiconazole (Pro) and a pectin–quercetin conjugate (PQ) shell. This dual-functional platform combines on-demand release with antioxidant buffering. Pro@CS/PQ released propiconazole more rapidly under acidic or pectinase-rich conditions, reaching 87.4% cumulative release within 72 h. Quercetin simultaneously protects plant tissues from oxidative stress and maintains redox homeostasis under excessive fungicide exposure. Compared with propiconazole emulsifiable concentrate (Pro EC), Pro@CS/PQ showed enhanced antifungal activity against Rhizoctonia solani, Fusarium fujikuroi, Botrytis cinerea, and Magnaporthe oryzae. In detached rice leaves infected with R. solani, Pro@CS/PQ at 50 mg·L⁻¹ achieved protective and curative efficacies of 85.8% and 70.8%, which were significantly higher than those of Pro EC. Pro@CS/PQ also exhibited improved foliar adhesion, maintaining over 60% leaf retention after water washing, approximately twice the retention of Pro EC. At concentrations up to four times the recommended rate, Pro@CS/PQ caused no visible phytotoxicity, whereas Pro EC induced severe leaf damage at half that concentration. Metabolomic analysis confirmed that Pro@CS/PQ mitigated propiconazole-induced metabolic perturbations and preserved homeostasis of key metabolic pathways involving amino acids, carbohydrates, and pyrimidines. This work offers a promising solution for safe and effective application of triazole fungicides.

Graphical Abstract