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Background <p>Industrialized eating habits have disrupted the balance between <i>n</i>-6 to <i>n</i>-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, a change reflected in human tissue composition. Increased <i>n</i>-6 to <i>n</i>-3 ratios may contribute to the emergence of several neurodevelopmental conditions. This study aims to determine how the balance between dietary <i>n</i>-6 and <i>n</i>-3 fatty acids relates to attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in kids and teenagers in the U.S.</p> Methods <p>Data were derived from 5,882 participants aged 4–15&#xa0;years who participated in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey between 1999 and 2004. To examine the connection between dietary <i>n</i>-6 to <i>n</i>-3 fatty acid ratios and ADHD, multivariable logistic regression models were utilized. Additionally, restricted cubic spline models were used to analyze dose–response relationships while conducting stratified, interaction, and sensitivity analyses to support the robustness of the findings.</p> Results <p>Among 5,882 participants, 386 (6.6%) were diagnosed with ADHD. Relative to the lowest tertile (T1: &lt; 8.56), participants in the second tertile (T2: 8.56–11.21) exhibited a 44% higher adjusted likelihood of having ADHD (95% confidence interval: 1.09–1.90; <i>P</i> = 0.011), while those in the top tertile (T3: &gt; 11.21) had a 49% increased adjusted likelihood of having ADHD (95% confidence interval: 1.11–1.99; <i>P</i> = 0.007). Restricted cubic-spline modeling revealed an approximately linear relationship between dietary <i>n</i>-6 to <i>n</i>-3 fatty acid ratios and ADHD risk, without significant non-linearity (<i>P</i> = 0.547). These findings remained consistent in subgroup and sensitivity analyses.</p> Conclusions <p>Higher ratios of <i>n</i>-6 to <i>n</i>-3 fatty acids in diets correlated with a greater likelihood of ADHD in American kids and teens. These findings suggest that dietary modification to restore a healthier fatty acid balance reduces ADHD risk. Further research, particularly long-term cohort studies and randomized controlled trials, remains warranted to establish causality and to determine whether reducing the <i>n</i>-6 to <i>n</i>-3 ratio provides protective effects.</p>

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Association between dietary n-6/n-3 ratio and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder among American children and adolescents: findings from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

  • 期刊论文

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  • 发表日期：

    2025年12月3日

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  • Lijin Wang,
  • Yanxia Wang,
  • Ling Li

摘要

Background

Industrialized eating habits have disrupted the balance between n-6 to n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, a change reflected in human tissue composition. Increased n-6 to n-3 ratios may contribute to the emergence of several neurodevelopmental conditions. This study aims to determine how the balance between dietary n-6 and n-3 fatty acids relates to attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in kids and teenagers in the U.S.

Methods

Data were derived from 5,882 participants aged 4–15 years who participated in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey between 1999 and 2004. To examine the connection between dietary n-6 to n-3 fatty acid ratios and ADHD, multivariable logistic regression models were utilized. Additionally, restricted cubic spline models were used to analyze dose–response relationships while conducting stratified, interaction, and sensitivity analyses to support the robustness of the findings.

Results

Among 5,882 participants, 386 (6.6%) were diagnosed with ADHD. Relative to the lowest tertile (T1: < 8.56), participants in the second tertile (T2: 8.56–11.21) exhibited a 44% higher adjusted likelihood of having ADHD (95% confidence interval: 1.09–1.90; P = 0.011), while those in the top tertile (T3: > 11.21) had a 49% increased adjusted likelihood of having ADHD (95% confidence interval: 1.11–1.99; P = 0.007). Restricted cubic-spline modeling revealed an approximately linear relationship between dietary n-6 to n-3 fatty acid ratios and ADHD risk, without significant non-linearity (P = 0.547). These findings remained consistent in subgroup and sensitivity analyses.

Conclusions

Higher ratios of n-6 to n-3 fatty acids in diets correlated with a greater likelihood of ADHD in American kids and teens. These findings suggest that dietary modification to restore a healthier fatty acid balance reduces ADHD risk. Further research, particularly long-term cohort studies and randomized controlled trials, remains warranted to establish causality and to determine whether reducing the n-6 to n-3 ratio provides protective effects.