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Background <p>Bone defects remain a major clinical challenge in orthopedic and reconstructive surgery. However, conventional inorganic ceramic biomaterials are limited by many problems, such as poor plasticity, limited osteogenic potential, and uncontrolled degradation kinetics, resulting in failing to keep pace with new bones’ healing. Harmonizing biomaterial degradation with osteogenesis thus remains a crucial problem to be addressed in bone tissue engineering.</p> Methods <p>In this study, Mg<sup>2+</sup>-doped calcium sulfate whiskers (MCSW) are synthesized by adopting a high-temperature autoclave method and are fabricated into bone grafting via die-casting molding. Their physicochemical properties, including surface morphology, solution diffusion behavior, mechanical performance, elemental distribution, and Mg<sup>2+</sup> release kinetics, are systematically characterized. Biocompatibility and in vitro osteoinductive potential are evaluated through assaying cell viability and analyzing osteogenic differentiation. Furthermore, the bone grafting is implanted into critical-sized calvarial defect models in Sprague–Dawley rats, and their bones’ regenerative efficacy is assessed by micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) and histological staining.</p> Results <p>MCSW exhibits many characteristics, including a rough surface, solution-dependent degradation behavior, appropriate mechanical strength, as well as sustained and controlled Mg<sup>2+</sup> release, presenting favorable physicochemical properties with tunable degradation, which shows it is suitable for applying to bone tissue engineering. In vitro studies demonstrate excellent biocompatibility, supporting the survival, proliferation, and osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs, as proved by enhanced alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and calcium mineral deposition. More importantly, the in vivo degradation rate of MCSW is well synchronized with osteogenesis, resulting in effective bone regeneration and satisfactory repair of critical-sized defects.</p> Conclusion <p>This Mg<sup>2+</sup>-doping strategy for calcium sulfate whiskers provides a novel and effective approach to enhance osteogenic activity and achieve tunable degradation in bone tissue engineering biomaterials, thereby showing strong potential for future clinical application.</p>

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Osteogenesis-synchronized degradation of Mg2⁺-doped calcium sulfate whisker bone grafts for critical-sized bone defect repair

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月23日

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  • Chengyong Li,
  • Zhi Shi,
  • Xin Li,
  • Yong Yang,
  • Lei Zhang,
  • Tingting Yan,
  • Hongchang Yang

摘要

Background

Bone defects remain a major clinical challenge in orthopedic and reconstructive surgery. However, conventional inorganic ceramic biomaterials are limited by many problems, such as poor plasticity, limited osteogenic potential, and uncontrolled degradation kinetics, resulting in failing to keep pace with new bones’ healing. Harmonizing biomaterial degradation with osteogenesis thus remains a crucial problem to be addressed in bone tissue engineering.

Methods

In this study, Mg2+-doped calcium sulfate whiskers (MCSW) are synthesized by adopting a high-temperature autoclave method and are fabricated into bone grafting via die-casting molding. Their physicochemical properties, including surface morphology, solution diffusion behavior, mechanical performance, elemental distribution, and Mg2+ release kinetics, are systematically characterized. Biocompatibility and in vitro osteoinductive potential are evaluated through assaying cell viability and analyzing osteogenic differentiation. Furthermore, the bone grafting is implanted into critical-sized calvarial defect models in Sprague–Dawley rats, and their bones’ regenerative efficacy is assessed by micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) and histological staining.

Results

MCSW exhibits many characteristics, including a rough surface, solution-dependent degradation behavior, appropriate mechanical strength, as well as sustained and controlled Mg2+ release, presenting favorable physicochemical properties with tunable degradation, which shows it is suitable for applying to bone tissue engineering. In vitro studies demonstrate excellent biocompatibility, supporting the survival, proliferation, and osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs, as proved by enhanced alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and calcium mineral deposition. More importantly, the in vivo degradation rate of MCSW is well synchronized with osteogenesis, resulting in effective bone regeneration and satisfactory repair of critical-sized defects.

Conclusion

This Mg2+-doping strategy for calcium sulfate whiskers provides a novel and effective approach to enhance osteogenic activity and achieve tunable degradation in bone tissue engineering biomaterials, thereby showing strong potential for future clinical application.