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Background <p>Tea intake (TI) has been associated with a reduced risk of ischemic heart disease (IHD) through antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and metabolic regulatory biological mechanisms, but a comprehensive global assessment of the IHD burden reduction potentially associated with TI is lacking. This study aimed to quantify the reductions in global IHD incidence and mortality associated with TI from 1990 to 2021, and explore heterogeneity in these associations across demographic subgroups and regions.</p> Methods <p>We conducted a comparative risk assessment analysis integrating data from the Global Dietary Database (GDD), IHD burden estimates from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study, and BMI-stratified population distributions from the NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC) across 180 countries and regions. TI distributions were modeled using gamma distributions, and BMI-stratified relative risks derived from dose-response meta-analyses were applied to estimate population attributable fractions. The analysis was stratified by sex, age, education level, and urbanicity. Proportional and absolute burden reductions (cases per million adults) were estimated, with uncertainty propagated through Monte Carlo simulation.</p> Results <p>Globally in 2021, approximately 28.66&#xa0;million (95% UI: 18.76–44.79) IHD incident cases and 4.42 (95% UI: 2.94–6.72) million IHD deaths were potentially attributable to TI, accounting for 15.49% (95% UI: 7.03%–36.85%) and 8.32% (95% UI: 4.60%–15.70%) of total cases and deaths, respectively. The beneficial association was greater in men and middle-aged/older adults, with no significant difference by education level or urbanicity. Regionally, the Middle East and North Africa showed the highest proportional reductions (incidence: 22.04%; mortality: 11.72%), followed by Southeast and East Asia. From 1990 to 2021, Southeast and East Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa saw the largest increases in preventable IHD case proportions. At the national level, countries like Iran, Japan, and Kenya had the highest estimated proportional reductions, while China and Japan contributed the largest absolute reductions in preventable cases per million adults.</p> Conclusion <p>TI is potentially associated with the reduced global burden of IHD, with benefits varying by region and demographic characteristics. These findings underscore the potential of TI as a dietary strategy for cardiovascular disease prevention and can inform targeted policies worldwide.</p>

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Tea intake as a dietary factor for cardiovascular health: global estimates of potentially preventable ischemic heart disease

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月14日

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  • Longkun Liu,
  • Mengmeng Zhu,
  • Yiwen Li,
  • Qian Xu,
  • Yajie Cai,
  • Xi Cheng,
  • Yanfei Liu,
  • Yue Liu

摘要

Background

Tea intake (TI) has been associated with a reduced risk of ischemic heart disease (IHD) through antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and metabolic regulatory biological mechanisms, but a comprehensive global assessment of the IHD burden reduction potentially associated with TI is lacking. This study aimed to quantify the reductions in global IHD incidence and mortality associated with TI from 1990 to 2021, and explore heterogeneity in these associations across demographic subgroups and regions.

Methods

We conducted a comparative risk assessment analysis integrating data from the Global Dietary Database (GDD), IHD burden estimates from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study, and BMI-stratified population distributions from the NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC) across 180 countries and regions. TI distributions were modeled using gamma distributions, and BMI-stratified relative risks derived from dose-response meta-analyses were applied to estimate population attributable fractions. The analysis was stratified by sex, age, education level, and urbanicity. Proportional and absolute burden reductions (cases per million adults) were estimated, with uncertainty propagated through Monte Carlo simulation.

Results

Globally in 2021, approximately 28.66 million (95% UI: 18.76–44.79) IHD incident cases and 4.42 (95% UI: 2.94–6.72) million IHD deaths were potentially attributable to TI, accounting for 15.49% (95% UI: 7.03%–36.85%) and 8.32% (95% UI: 4.60%–15.70%) of total cases and deaths, respectively. The beneficial association was greater in men and middle-aged/older adults, with no significant difference by education level or urbanicity. Regionally, the Middle East and North Africa showed the highest proportional reductions (incidence: 22.04%; mortality: 11.72%), followed by Southeast and East Asia. From 1990 to 2021, Southeast and East Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa saw the largest increases in preventable IHD case proportions. At the national level, countries like Iran, Japan, and Kenya had the highest estimated proportional reductions, while China and Japan contributed the largest absolute reductions in preventable cases per million adults.

Conclusion

TI is potentially associated with the reduced global burden of IHD, with benefits varying by region and demographic characteristics. These findings underscore the potential of TI as a dietary strategy for cardiovascular disease prevention and can inform targeted policies worldwide.