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Background <p>In September 2019, Kenya began pilot introduction of the RTS,S/AS01<sub>E</sub> (RTS,S) malaria vaccine through the World Health Organization (WHO)-coordinated Malaria Vaccine Implementation Programme (MVIP). The pilot, conducted in 46 sub-counties in western Kenya with moderate-to-high perennial malaria transmission, aimed to assess feasibility of delivering the 4-dose schedule through routine immunization services, vaccine safety, and impact on mortality and severe malaria admissions. This paper presents findings from the baseline household survey conducted prior to vaccine introduction to characterize malaria burden, coverage of malaria control interventions, health-seeking behaviors, immunization coverage, and caregiver perceptions of RTS,S.</p> Methods <p>A cross-sectional, population-representative household survey was conducted from July to October 2019 in all 46 MVIP sub-counties. Using two-stage cluster sampling, 4065 households were enrolled, including 4948 children aged 5–48 months. Structured questionnaires captured data on insecticide-treated net (ITN) ownership and use, vaccination status, recent febrile illness and care-seeking, and vaccine acceptability. Malaria rapid diagnostic tests were performed to estimate malaria prevalence. Analyses accounted for cluster design and sampling weights.</p> Results <p>Overall <i>P. falciparum</i> malaria prevalence was 22% (95% CI 19–26), with substantial sub-county variation (1–71%). Prevalence was higher in rural areas, among older children, in lower wealth households, and in areas randomized to vaccine introduction vs. comparison areas, indicating baseline imbalance between the arms. ITN ownership and use were high (93% and 87%). Thirty-eight percent of children had fever in the prior two weeks; 70% sought care, 39% of whom received antimalarials, nearly all artemisinin-combined therapies. Availability of home-based vaccination records declined with age (93% among 5–11 months vs. 63% among 36–48 months). Coverage exceeded 85% for first-year-of-life vaccines, but was lower for measles dose 2 (49%). Vitamin A supplementation (46%) and deworming (50%) coverage were also suboptimal. Before introduction, only 36% of caregivers had heard of the malaria vaccine, yet willingness to vaccinate exceeded 98%.</p> Conclusions <p>High malaria burden, strong coverage of core interventions, and strong caregiver support provided a favorable context for RTS,S introduction. However, gaps in second-year-of-life services and suboptimal vaccination records retention may challenge delivery and monitoring of the 4th RTS,S dose. These findings establish a benchmark for evaluating RTS,S rollout and integration into routine child health services.</p> <p><i>Trial registration number</i> NCT03806465.</p>

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The Malaria Vaccine Programme Evaluation in Kenya: results of a baseline household survey prior to the introduction of the RTS,S/AS01 vaccine

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月21日

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  • Nelli Westercamp,
  • Isabella Nyangau,
  • Titus K. Kwambai,
  • Brian Seda,
  • Dorcas Akach,
  • Irine Okanda,
  • Elizabeth Marube,
  • Perez Siambe,
  • Eunice Radiro,
  • Florence Wafula,
  • Bellah Ondiegi,
  • Monica P. Shah,
  • Victoria Seffren,
  • Kerryn A. Moore,
  • Ari Fogelson,
  • Paul Milligan,
  • Simon Kariuki,
  • Aaron M. Samuels

摘要

Background

In September 2019, Kenya began pilot introduction of the RTS,S/AS01E (RTS,S) malaria vaccine through the World Health Organization (WHO)-coordinated Malaria Vaccine Implementation Programme (MVIP). The pilot, conducted in 46 sub-counties in western Kenya with moderate-to-high perennial malaria transmission, aimed to assess feasibility of delivering the 4-dose schedule through routine immunization services, vaccine safety, and impact on mortality and severe malaria admissions. This paper presents findings from the baseline household survey conducted prior to vaccine introduction to characterize malaria burden, coverage of malaria control interventions, health-seeking behaviors, immunization coverage, and caregiver perceptions of RTS,S.

Methods

A cross-sectional, population-representative household survey was conducted from July to October 2019 in all 46 MVIP sub-counties. Using two-stage cluster sampling, 4065 households were enrolled, including 4948 children aged 5–48 months. Structured questionnaires captured data on insecticide-treated net (ITN) ownership and use, vaccination status, recent febrile illness and care-seeking, and vaccine acceptability. Malaria rapid diagnostic tests were performed to estimate malaria prevalence. Analyses accounted for cluster design and sampling weights.

Results

Overall P. falciparum malaria prevalence was 22% (95% CI 19–26), with substantial sub-county variation (1–71%). Prevalence was higher in rural areas, among older children, in lower wealth households, and in areas randomized to vaccine introduction vs. comparison areas, indicating baseline imbalance between the arms. ITN ownership and use were high (93% and 87%). Thirty-eight percent of children had fever in the prior two weeks; 70% sought care, 39% of whom received antimalarials, nearly all artemisinin-combined therapies. Availability of home-based vaccination records declined with age (93% among 5–11 months vs. 63% among 36–48 months). Coverage exceeded 85% for first-year-of-life vaccines, but was lower for measles dose 2 (49%). Vitamin A supplementation (46%) and deworming (50%) coverage were also suboptimal. Before introduction, only 36% of caregivers had heard of the malaria vaccine, yet willingness to vaccinate exceeded 98%.

Conclusions

High malaria burden, strong coverage of core interventions, and strong caregiver support provided a favorable context for RTS,S introduction. However, gaps in second-year-of-life services and suboptimal vaccination records retention may challenge delivery and monitoring of the 4th RTS,S dose. These findings establish a benchmark for evaluating RTS,S rollout and integration into routine child health services.

Trial registration number NCT03806465.