Exosomes liquid biopsy in Lymphoma precision medicine: applications and challenges

Liquid biopsy is an emerging non-invasive detection technology that diagnoses tumors and provides prognostic value by analyzing samples such as circulating tumor cells (CTCs), circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA), and exosomes. Exosomes are nanoscale extracellular vesicles (EVs) secreted by cells, encapsulating a diverse array of biomolecules, including proteins, nucleic acids (e.g., mRNA and miRNA), and lipids. Lymphoma cells secrete various exosomes, whose contents carry abundant tumor-associated information and serve as messengers in the tumor microenvironment (TME). Consequently, tumor-derived exosomes can provide a broader picture of lymphoma, serving as promising biomarkers for liquid biopsy. They contribute to diagnosis, prognosis and therapeutic response evaluation, and medication guidance in lymphoma precision medicine. With further research, exosome-based liquid biopsy has the potential to enhance patients’ quality of life. This review summarizes the application of exosome-based liquid biopsy in lymphoma and its underlying mechanisms within the TME, emphasizing the promising opportunities this technique presents for medical research.