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Background <p>The global rise of antimicrobial resistance has accelerated the search for sustainable and eco-friendly therapeutic alternatives. This study evaluates fish gut waste (FGW) as a low-cost, renewable substrate for producing antifungal peptides through the proteolytic activity of <i>Serratia liquefaciens</i> NRC1.</p> Result <p>Optimization of protease production using statistical designs resulted in a fourfold increase in enzyme yield. The protease demonstrated stability at neutral pH and moderate temperatures (40–50&#xa0;°C), and efficiently hydrolyzed complex proteins such as collagen and keratin. Peptides generated from FGW hydrolysis exhibited significant antifungal activity against <i>Candida auris</i> (<i>C. auris</i>), with a MIC₅₀ of 5.1 ± 0.08&#xa0;mg/ml. Unlike fluconazole, repeated peptide exposure did not induce resistance, nor did it alter the expression levels of key resistance genes (<i>CDR1</i>,<i> ERG11</i>), as confirmed by qRT-PCR. Peptide profiling using MALDI-TOF/MS, coupled with in silico analysis via AMPfun, identified multiple candidates with predicted antifungal properties.</p> Conclusion <p>This research highlights the potential of fish gut waste-derived peptides as a sustainable and effective antifungal strategy against <i>C. auris</i>, offering an alternative to conventional antifungal drugs.</p>

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Protease production by Serratia liquefaciens NRC1 using fish gut waste as a sustainable approach to antimicrobial peptide generation and combating Candida auris acquired resistance

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2025年7月2日

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  • Shaymaa A. Ismail,
  • Heba M. Shalaby,
  • Amira A. Hassan,
  • Marwa Mahmoud,
  • Bahgat Fayed

摘要

Background

The global rise of antimicrobial resistance has accelerated the search for sustainable and eco-friendly therapeutic alternatives. This study evaluates fish gut waste (FGW) as a low-cost, renewable substrate for producing antifungal peptides through the proteolytic activity of Serratia liquefaciens NRC1.

Result

Optimization of protease production using statistical designs resulted in a fourfold increase in enzyme yield. The protease demonstrated stability at neutral pH and moderate temperatures (40–50 °C), and efficiently hydrolyzed complex proteins such as collagen and keratin. Peptides generated from FGW hydrolysis exhibited significant antifungal activity against Candida auris (C. auris), with a MIC₅₀ of 5.1 ± 0.08 mg/ml. Unlike fluconazole, repeated peptide exposure did not induce resistance, nor did it alter the expression levels of key resistance genes (CDR1, ERG11), as confirmed by qRT-PCR. Peptide profiling using MALDI-TOF/MS, coupled with in silico analysis via AMPfun, identified multiple candidates with predicted antifungal properties.

Conclusion

This research highlights the potential of fish gut waste-derived peptides as a sustainable and effective antifungal strategy against C. auris, offering an alternative to conventional antifungal drugs.