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Background <p>Familial adult myoclonic epilepsy (FAME), an autosomal dominant disorder, is characterized by cortical myoclonus and occasional generalized tonic–clonic seizures. To date, intronic pentanucleotide repeat expansions in at least seven genes, including <i>SAMD12</i>, <i>TNRC6A</i>, <i>YEATS2</i>, <i>MARCHF6</i>, <i>STARD7</i>, <i>RAPGEF2</i>, and <i>RAI1</i>, have been reported as causative. Detecting these repeat expansions using conventional sequencing techniques (Sanger or short-read next-generation sequencing) is not feasible as they cannot reliably span or characterize long repetitive elements. Although genetic testing has been performed in some research laboratories, comprehensive long read–based panel is unavailable for clinical application. To address this gap, we developed a targeted long-read sequencing panel and applied it in a clinical diagnostic context for the first time.</p> Methods <p>We designed a custom long-read sequencing panel targeting all seven known FAME-associated repeat loci using Oxford Nanopore Cas9-enrichment technology and applied it to a 47-year-old woman with familial cortical myoclonic tremor, clinically suspected to have FAME.</p> Results <p>The panel functioned as intended, providing robust on-target coverage across all loci, facilitating confident interrogation of each repeat region. At the <i>SAMD12</i> locus, strand-aware histograms and read-level inspection demonstrated a clear pathogenic expansion, encompassing mixed TTTTA/TTTCA motifs with detectable TTTGA interruptions, consistent with FAME1. Using the crude allele prediction option of tandem-genotypes, the expanded allele contained approximately 689 additional repeats relative to the reference genome. The other six loci showed no pathogenic expansions.</p> Conclusions <p>This targeted long-read panel enabled the first clinical molecular diagnosis of FAME using a comprehensive assay, yielding allele-resolved characterization of the pathogenic repeat and its motif composition. With further validation, this approach may serve as a clinically practical tool for reliable detection of FAME1 and for broader screening of other FAME subtypes, potentially reducing reliance on prolonged clinical observation or specialized electrophysiological testing.</p>

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Targeted nanopore long-read sequencing panel for the molecular diagnosis of intronic expansion in familial adult myoclonic epilepsy

  • 期刊论文

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  • 发表日期：

    2025年11月11日

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  • Haruka Urabe,
  • Takashi Nakajima,
  • Satomi Mitsuhashi,
  • Kentaro Ohta,
  • Hidehiko Fujinaka,
  • Kiyoe Goto,
  • Aki Sato

摘要

Background

Familial adult myoclonic epilepsy (FAME), an autosomal dominant disorder, is characterized by cortical myoclonus and occasional generalized tonic–clonic seizures. To date, intronic pentanucleotide repeat expansions in at least seven genes, including SAMD12, TNRC6A, YEATS2, MARCHF6, STARD7, RAPGEF2, and RAI1, have been reported as causative. Detecting these repeat expansions using conventional sequencing techniques (Sanger or short-read next-generation sequencing) is not feasible as they cannot reliably span or characterize long repetitive elements. Although genetic testing has been performed in some research laboratories, comprehensive long read–based panel is unavailable for clinical application. To address this gap, we developed a targeted long-read sequencing panel and applied it in a clinical diagnostic context for the first time.

Methods

We designed a custom long-read sequencing panel targeting all seven known FAME-associated repeat loci using Oxford Nanopore Cas9-enrichment technology and applied it to a 47-year-old woman with familial cortical myoclonic tremor, clinically suspected to have FAME.

Results

The panel functioned as intended, providing robust on-target coverage across all loci, facilitating confident interrogation of each repeat region. At the SAMD12 locus, strand-aware histograms and read-level inspection demonstrated a clear pathogenic expansion, encompassing mixed TTTTA/TTTCA motifs with detectable TTTGA interruptions, consistent with FAME1. Using the crude allele prediction option of tandem-genotypes, the expanded allele contained approximately 689 additional repeats relative to the reference genome. The other six loci showed no pathogenic expansions.

Conclusions

This targeted long-read panel enabled the first clinical molecular diagnosis of FAME using a comprehensive assay, yielding allele-resolved characterization of the pathogenic repeat and its motif composition. With further validation, this approach may serve as a clinically practical tool for reliable detection of FAME1 and for broader screening of other FAME subtypes, potentially reducing reliance on prolonged clinical observation or specialized electrophysiological testing.