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<p>This research aimed to explore the effect and mechanism of dietary methionine and lysine deficiency on autophagy of gastrointestinal tract and liver tissues. Thirty goats were divided into three groups: control (Con), methionine deficiency (MD), and lysine deficiency (LD) groups. The expression levels of autophagy marker proteins LC3 and p62 were analyzed by immunohistochemistry (<i>n</i> = 5), and mRNA expression levels of autophagy-related genes ATF4, FOXO3, Beclin-1, Atg13 and eIF2α were analyzed through qPCR. No significant differences were found for LC3, but optical density for p62 of jejunal mucosa in LD was significantly higher (<i>P</i> &lt; 0.01) than Con and MD. The mRNA expression level of rumen epithelial ATF4 in LD was significantly higher compared to control and MD, but FOXO3 in LD was significantly higher than control (<i>P</i> &lt; 0.01). In the jejunal mucosa, LD had the highest ATF4 mRNA expression level, while Beclin-1 mRNA expression level was lowest (<i>P</i> &lt; 0.01) compared to control. Metabolomics of jejunal mucosa showed that sorbitol and N-acetylglucosamine in MD and DL-Homocystine and eight other metabolites in LD were significantly increased compared to control. Overall, the degradation process of autophagy was blocked in the jejunum when the diet was lacking of lysine in jejunum, and ATF4 was upregulated to maintain the metabolic balance of amino acids in rumen, jejunum and ileum. However, dietary MD primarily affected metabolic pathways rather than autophagy.</p>

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Differential regulation of autophagy and metabolic pathways by dietary methionine and lysine deficiency in goats

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月22日

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  • Shabbir Ahmed,
  • Jian Wu,
  • Zixin Liu,
  • Aoyu Jiang,
  • Chuanshe Zhou,
  • Zhiliang Tan,
  • Liang Chen,
  • Jinhe Kang

摘要

This research aimed to explore the effect and mechanism of dietary methionine and lysine deficiency on autophagy of gastrointestinal tract and liver tissues. Thirty goats were divided into three groups: control (Con), methionine deficiency (MD), and lysine deficiency (LD) groups. The expression levels of autophagy marker proteins LC3 and p62 were analyzed by immunohistochemistry (n = 5), and mRNA expression levels of autophagy-related genes ATF4, FOXO3, Beclin-1, Atg13 and eIF2α were analyzed through qPCR. No significant differences were found for LC3, but optical density for p62 of jejunal mucosa in LD was significantly higher (P < 0.01) than Con and MD. The mRNA expression level of rumen epithelial ATF4 in LD was significantly higher compared to control and MD, but FOXO3 in LD was significantly higher than control (P < 0.01). In the jejunal mucosa, LD had the highest ATF4 mRNA expression level, while Beclin-1 mRNA expression level was lowest (P < 0.01) compared to control. Metabolomics of jejunal mucosa showed that sorbitol and N-acetylglucosamine in MD and DL-Homocystine and eight other metabolites in LD were significantly increased compared to control. Overall, the degradation process of autophagy was blocked in the jejunum when the diet was lacking of lysine in jejunum, and ATF4 was upregulated to maintain the metabolic balance of amino acids in rumen, jejunum and ileum. However, dietary MD primarily affected metabolic pathways rather than autophagy.