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Background <p>Various non-invasive indicators such as ocular attributes have been tested and validated for the assessment of anemia and vitamin A deficiency in human medical sciences with promising results. However, regarding veterinary diagnostics/prognostics, there is limited literature for photometric assessment of anemia in cattle. The present preliminary study is the first account of digital quantification of various ocular attributes in cattle (<i>n</i> = 36) carried out with an objective to unearth the potential of these attributes (RGB analysis and morphometry of eyeballs, and color of palpebral conjunctiva) as non-invasive predictors of RBC count, hemoglobin (Hb) and packed cell volume (PCV).</p> Results <p>The results showed that green (<i>r</i> = 0.571), blue (<i>r</i> = 0.706), yellow (<i>r</i> = 0.624), black (<i>r</i> = 0.712) and whiteness (<i>r</i> = 0.778) of cattle eye were positively and significantly (<i>P</i> ≤ 0.05) correlated with Hb with 67.0% predictability for overall model. Similarly, red (<i>r</i>= -0.536), green (<i>r</i>= -0.565), magenta (<i>r</i>= -0.409), yellow (<i>r</i>= -0.563), black (<i>r</i> = 0.700) and whiteness (<i>r</i>= -0.805) were highly correlated (<i>P</i> ≤ 0.05) with Hb with a strong overall model predictability of 67.6%. The associations with RBC count were, however, weaker and non-significant (23% predictability).</p> Conclusions <p>It is concluded that various ocular attributes of cattle, particularly blue, yellow, black, whiteness and lightness, could serve as non-invasive indicators of Hb and PCV, assisting in detecting of anemia. The palpebral conjunctiva color chart developed through this preliminary data could function as an on-field point-of-care testing (POCT) tool to predict Hb and PCV levels in cattle.</p>

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A preliminary study on digital quantification of ocular attributes in cattle as potential non-invasive indicators of anemia

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2025年3月17日

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  • Mushtaq Hussain Lashari,
  • Anna Abdullah,
  • Fouzia Nazir,
  • Asma Iqbal,
  • Muhammad Abrar Afzal,
  • Umer Farooq,
  • Musadiq Idris,
  • Musarrat Abbas Khan,
  • Faisal Shahzad,
  • Mahad Azam,
  • Khawar Ali Shahzad,
  • Dalia Fouad,
  • Farid Shokry Ataya,
  • Shagufta Nasreen

摘要

Background

Various non-invasive indicators such as ocular attributes have been tested and validated for the assessment of anemia and vitamin A deficiency in human medical sciences with promising results. However, regarding veterinary diagnostics/prognostics, there is limited literature for photometric assessment of anemia in cattle. The present preliminary study is the first account of digital quantification of various ocular attributes in cattle (n = 36) carried out with an objective to unearth the potential of these attributes (RGB analysis and morphometry of eyeballs, and color of palpebral conjunctiva) as non-invasive predictors of RBC count, hemoglobin (Hb) and packed cell volume (PCV).

Results

The results showed that green (r = 0.571), blue (r = 0.706), yellow (r = 0.624), black (r = 0.712) and whiteness (r = 0.778) of cattle eye were positively and significantly (P ≤ 0.05) correlated with Hb with 67.0% predictability for overall model. Similarly, red (r= -0.536), green (r= -0.565), magenta (r= -0.409), yellow (r= -0.563), black (r = 0.700) and whiteness (r= -0.805) were highly correlated (P ≤ 0.05) with Hb with a strong overall model predictability of 67.6%. The associations with RBC count were, however, weaker and non-significant (23% predictability).

Conclusions

It is concluded that various ocular attributes of cattle, particularly blue, yellow, black, whiteness and lightness, could serve as non-invasive indicators of Hb and PCV, assisting in detecting of anemia. The palpebral conjunctiva color chart developed through this preliminary data could function as an on-field point-of-care testing (POCT) tool to predict Hb and PCV levels in cattle.