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Background <p>Localization of the epileptogenic zone (EZ) requires further refinement. We identified a unique ictal spectral structure, the “harmonic pattern” (H pattern), which potentially serves as a novel biomarker for localizing the EZ. This study aimed to analyze the clinical significance of the H pattern and to explore its underlying waveform features.</p> Methods <p>Seventy patients with drug-resistant focal epilepsy, undergoing stereo-EEG (SEEG) evaluation and surgery, were included. Time–frequency maps (TFM) were generated using Morlet wavelet transform analysis. The H pattern was defined as multiple equidistant, high-density bands with varying frequencies on TFM. The upper quartile was employed to confirm contacts expressing dominant H pattern (<i>d</i>H pattern). Bispectral analysis and transfer function modeling were employed to assess nonlinear properties and signal propagation, respectively. The performance of the <i>d</i>H pattern in evaluating the EZ was compared with other ictal biomarkers.</p> Results <p>Regardless of seizure onset patterns, the H pattern commonly occurred during early or late seizure propagation among 57 patients (81.4%). It harbored within specific EEG segments characterized by fast activity and irregular polyspikes. The H pattern often appeared simultaneously across different brain regions at a consistent fundamental frequency, highlighting a crucial stage in seizure propagation characterized by inter-regional synchronization. The <i>d</i>H pattern demonstrated greater nonlinearity compared to the non-<i>d</i>H pattern, as evidenced by bispectral analysis. The waveforms associated with the <i>d</i>H pattern were more stereotyped and showed increased skewness and/or asymmetry. Notably, the complete removal of areas exhibiting the <i>d</i>H pattern, but not high epileptogenicity index (≥ 0.3) or seizure onset zone, was independently associated with seizure freedom after surgery.</p> Conclusions <p>The H pattern provides unique insights into ictal neural dynamics. Additionally, it is a novel and alternative approach for measuring the EZ over an extended ictal time window.</p>

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Harmonic patterns embedded in ictal EEG signals in focal epilepsy: new insight into the epileptogenic zone

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月28日

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  • Lingli Hu,
  • Lingqi Ye,
  • Hongyi Ye,
  • Xiaochen Liu,
  • Kai Xiong,
  • Yuanming Zhang,
  • Zhe Zheng,
  • Hongjie Jiang,
  • Cong Chen,
  • Chunhong Shen,
  • Zhongjin Wang,
  • Jiping Zhou,
  • Yingcai Wu,
  • Kejie Huang,
  • Junming Zhu,
  • Zhong Chen,
  • Meiping Ding,
  • Shennan Weiss,
  • Dongping Yang,
  • Shuang Wang

摘要

Background

Localization of the epileptogenic zone (EZ) requires further refinement. We identified a unique ictal spectral structure, the “harmonic pattern” (H pattern), which potentially serves as a novel biomarker for localizing the EZ. This study aimed to analyze the clinical significance of the H pattern and to explore its underlying waveform features.

Methods

Seventy patients with drug-resistant focal epilepsy, undergoing stereo-EEG (SEEG) evaluation and surgery, were included. Time–frequency maps (TFM) were generated using Morlet wavelet transform analysis. The H pattern was defined as multiple equidistant, high-density bands with varying frequencies on TFM. The upper quartile was employed to confirm contacts expressing dominant H pattern (dH pattern). Bispectral analysis and transfer function modeling were employed to assess nonlinear properties and signal propagation, respectively. The performance of the dH pattern in evaluating the EZ was compared with other ictal biomarkers.

Results

Regardless of seizure onset patterns, the H pattern commonly occurred during early or late seizure propagation among 57 patients (81.4%). It harbored within specific EEG segments characterized by fast activity and irregular polyspikes. The H pattern often appeared simultaneously across different brain regions at a consistent fundamental frequency, highlighting a crucial stage in seizure propagation characterized by inter-regional synchronization. The dH pattern demonstrated greater nonlinearity compared to the non-dH pattern, as evidenced by bispectral analysis. The waveforms associated with the dH pattern were more stereotyped and showed increased skewness and/or asymmetry. Notably, the complete removal of areas exhibiting the dH pattern, but not high epileptogenicity index (≥ 0.3) or seizure onset zone, was independently associated with seizure freedom after surgery.

Conclusions

The H pattern provides unique insights into ictal neural dynamics. Additionally, it is a novel and alternative approach for measuring the EZ over an extended ictal time window.