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Background <p>Ensuring equitable access to healthcare under universal health coverage is critical; however, the financial sustainability of public health insurance systems faces challenges in aging societies. The present study aimed to evaluate the impact of the 2022 cost-sharing reform to increase coinsurance rate on outpatient care utilization among older adults with relatively high income, and to estimate the price elasticity of demand for outpatient care in response to the cost-sharing increase.</p> Methods <p>Employing a quasi-experimental design, this cohort study treats the 2022 cost-sharing reform as a natural intervention. Data were drawn from medical claims covering individuals aged ≥75 years enrolled in the Latter-Stage Elderly Healthcare System in several Japanese prefectures. Participants included 22,013 individuals in the intervention group (coinsurance increased from 10% to 20%) and 104,461 in the control group (coinsurance remained at 10%), observed from October 1, 2021, to September 30, 2023. An increase in coinsurance rate from 10% to 20% implemented on October 1, 2022, was treated as an exposure variable. Monthly total expenditures on outpatient care—physician visits, prescriptions, and dental visits—served as primary outcomes. Changes in total expenditure post-reform were assessed using controlled interrupted time series analysis, fitting a log-gamma regression model. Relative ratios (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals were estimated, and price elasticities were calculated using the change in out-of-pocket expenditures as denominators.</p> Results <p>Average total expenditures for overall outpatient care among the intervention group pre- and post-reform were ¥31,468 (SD=¥53,072) and ¥31,607 (SD=¥57,897) per month, respectively. Following the reform, expenditures significantly decreased for physician visits (RR=0.92 [0.90–0.94]) and prescriptions (RR=0.95 [0.93–0.97]) immediately after the reform, while dental visit expenditures did not significantly change (RR=0.97 [0.93–1.01]). Calculated price elasticities were highly inelastic (−0.137, −0.079, and −0.047 for physician visits, prescriptions, and dental visits, respectively).</p> Conclusions <p>These findings suggest that increasing the coinsurance rate led to modest short-term reductions in outpatient care expenditures among older adults with relatively high incomes. Outpatient care demand was largely inelastic to price changes, supporting the potential for income-based cost-sharing policies to enhance the financial sustainability of public health insurance systems with limited reduction in access.</p>

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Impacts of cost-sharing rate increment on the expenditure of outpatient care among older adults: quasi-experimental study of cost-sharing reform in Japan

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月19日

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  • Taro Kusama,
  • Yudai Tamada,
  • Manami Hoshi-Harada,
  • Ken Osaka,
  • Kenji Takeuchi

摘要

Background

Ensuring equitable access to healthcare under universal health coverage is critical; however, the financial sustainability of public health insurance systems faces challenges in aging societies. The present study aimed to evaluate the impact of the 2022 cost-sharing reform to increase coinsurance rate on outpatient care utilization among older adults with relatively high income, and to estimate the price elasticity of demand for outpatient care in response to the cost-sharing increase.

Methods

Employing a quasi-experimental design, this cohort study treats the 2022 cost-sharing reform as a natural intervention. Data were drawn from medical claims covering individuals aged ≥75 years enrolled in the Latter-Stage Elderly Healthcare System in several Japanese prefectures. Participants included 22,013 individuals in the intervention group (coinsurance increased from 10% to 20%) and 104,461 in the control group (coinsurance remained at 10%), observed from October 1, 2021, to September 30, 2023. An increase in coinsurance rate from 10% to 20% implemented on October 1, 2022, was treated as an exposure variable. Monthly total expenditures on outpatient care—physician visits, prescriptions, and dental visits—served as primary outcomes. Changes in total expenditure post-reform were assessed using controlled interrupted time series analysis, fitting a log-gamma regression model. Relative ratios (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals were estimated, and price elasticities were calculated using the change in out-of-pocket expenditures as denominators.

Results

Average total expenditures for overall outpatient care among the intervention group pre- and post-reform were ¥31,468 (SD=¥53,072) and ¥31,607 (SD=¥57,897) per month, respectively. Following the reform, expenditures significantly decreased for physician visits (RR=0.92 [0.90–0.94]) and prescriptions (RR=0.95 [0.93–0.97]) immediately after the reform, while dental visit expenditures did not significantly change (RR=0.97 [0.93–1.01]). Calculated price elasticities were highly inelastic (−0.137, −0.079, and −0.047 for physician visits, prescriptions, and dental visits, respectively).

Conclusions

These findings suggest that increasing the coinsurance rate led to modest short-term reductions in outpatient care expenditures among older adults with relatively high incomes. Outpatient care demand was largely inelastic to price changes, supporting the potential for income-based cost-sharing policies to enhance the financial sustainability of public health insurance systems with limited reduction in access.