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Background <p>Emergency nurses play a critical role in disaster response; however, their preparedness often remains suboptimal. Structured disaster drills are widely used to improve knowledge and skills, yet there is limited evidence on their effectiveness. Moreover, there is a lack of culturally relevant, psychometrically validated tools to assess disaster preparedness among nurses in non-Western contexts.</p> Objectives <p>This study aimed to develop and validate the Disaster Drills Effectiveness Questionnaire (DDEQ) as a culturally sensitive instrument for assessing the knowledge and skills of emergency nurses participating in disaster drills in Saudi Arabia.</p> Methods <p>A three-phase, cross-sectional design guided the development and validation of the DDEQ. Phase 1 involved item generation through literature review, expert input, and a two-round Delphi process, yielding a 28-item scale across two domains: knowledge and skills. Phase 2 focused on scale development and content validation (S-CVI/Ave &gt; 0.90). A pilot study with 19 nurses assessed clarity and feasibility. Phase 3 involved psychometric testing using Exploratory Factor Analysis (<i>n</i> = 303) and Confirmatory Factor Analysis (<i>n</i> = 302), followed by reliability and validity analyses.</p> Results <p>Exploratory factor analysis supported a two-factor structure (knowledge and skills), accounting for 67.65% of total variance. Confirmatory factor analysis demonstrated excellent model fit (χ²/df = 1.735, RMSEA = 0.049, CFI = 0.968, TLI = 0.963). Internal consistency was high (Cronbach’s α = 0.977), with test-retest reliability (<i>r</i> = 0.747, <i>p</i> &lt; 0.001) confirming temporal stability. Convergent and discriminant validity were established (AVE &gt; 0.60, HTMT &lt; 0.90). The DDEQ effectively captures emergency nurses’ disaster preparedness based on participation in disaster drills.</p> Conclusion <p>The DDEQ is a valid and reliable tool for evaluating the effectiveness of disaster drills in enhancing emergency nurses’ knowledge and skills. It offers a practical framework for healthcare institutions, educators, and policymakers to assess and improve disaster preparedness among nursing professionals.</p> Clinical trial number <p>Not applicable.</p>

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Assessing the impact of disaster drills on emergency nurses: development and validation of the Disaster Drills Effectiveness Questionnaire (DDEQ)

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2025年7月1日

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  • Majed Awad Alanazi

摘要

Background

Emergency nurses play a critical role in disaster response; however, their preparedness often remains suboptimal. Structured disaster drills are widely used to improve knowledge and skills, yet there is limited evidence on their effectiveness. Moreover, there is a lack of culturally relevant, psychometrically validated tools to assess disaster preparedness among nurses in non-Western contexts.

Objectives

This study aimed to develop and validate the Disaster Drills Effectiveness Questionnaire (DDEQ) as a culturally sensitive instrument for assessing the knowledge and skills of emergency nurses participating in disaster drills in Saudi Arabia.

Methods

A three-phase, cross-sectional design guided the development and validation of the DDEQ. Phase 1 involved item generation through literature review, expert input, and a two-round Delphi process, yielding a 28-item scale across two domains: knowledge and skills. Phase 2 focused on scale development and content validation (S-CVI/Ave > 0.90). A pilot study with 19 nurses assessed clarity and feasibility. Phase 3 involved psychometric testing using Exploratory Factor Analysis (n = 303) and Confirmatory Factor Analysis (n = 302), followed by reliability and validity analyses.

Results

Exploratory factor analysis supported a two-factor structure (knowledge and skills), accounting for 67.65% of total variance. Confirmatory factor analysis demonstrated excellent model fit (χ²/df = 1.735, RMSEA = 0.049, CFI = 0.968, TLI = 0.963). Internal consistency was high (Cronbach’s α = 0.977), with test-retest reliability (r = 0.747, p < 0.001) confirming temporal stability. Convergent and discriminant validity were established (AVE > 0.60, HTMT < 0.90). The DDEQ effectively captures emergency nurses’ disaster preparedness based on participation in disaster drills.

Conclusion

The DDEQ is a valid and reliable tool for evaluating the effectiveness of disaster drills in enhancing emergency nurses’ knowledge and skills. It offers a practical framework for healthcare institutions, educators, and policymakers to assess and improve disaster preparedness among nursing professionals.

Clinical trial number

Not applicable.