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Background <p>Treatment of scaphoid nonunion with a vascularized bone graft based on the 1,2‑intercompartmental supraretinacular artery (1,2‑ICSRA) involves complex wrist anatomy. Traditional teaching methods rely mainly on anatomical atlases and two‑dimensional (2D) computed tomography (CT) images, making it difficult for students to mentally reconstruct three‑dimensional (3D) spatial relationships. Three‑dimensional digital anatomy technology can provide visual 3D structural information that clearly illustrates the spatial relationships among anatomical structures, thereby potentially improving the teaching of complex anatomy. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of CT‑based 3D digital anatomy teaching in enhancing students’ understanding and application of the 1,2‑ICSRA vascularized bone graft procedure for scaphoid nonunion.</p> Methods <p>This randomized controlled trial enrolled 64 medical students in their clinical clerkship who were allocated to an experimental group or a control group and received a 4‑week teaching intervention. The experimental group was taught using CT‑based 3D digital anatomy models, while the control group received conventional teaching based on 2D CT images. Teaching outcomes were assessed by a final theoretical examination, a case‑based group presentation, and a questionnaire survey.</p> Results <p>The experimental group outperformed the control group in both the final theoretical examination (87.30 ± 5.50 vs. 83.17 ± 6.11, <i>P</i> = 0.008) and the case‑based presentation (8.60 ± 1.14 vs. 6.60 ± 1.14, <i>P</i> = 0.024). Questionnaire results showed that the experimental group reported higher satisfaction with the teaching method and better understanding of the course content (Both <i>P</i> - values were &lt; 0.05), whereas no significant difference was found in the level of interest in the course content (<i>P</i> &gt; 0.05).</p> Conclusion <p>Under the conditions of this study, CT‑based 3D digital anatomy teaching was superior to traditional 2D image teaching in improving students’ knowledge of the relevant anatomy and clinical application skills for the 1,2‑ICSRA vascularized bone graft procedure for scaphoid nonunion. The findings suggest potential for broader application, but this needs to be confirmed by larger, multicenter studies with long‑term follow‑up.</p> Trial registration <p>Chinese Clinical Trial Registry, ChiCTR2600116396. Retrospectively registered on 9 January 2026.</p>

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Enhancing the clinical understanding of scaphoid nonunion treatment with a 1,2-ICSRA vascularized graft through 3D digital anatomy: a randomized controlled trial for medical students

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月13日

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  • Shang Zhu,
  • Yuyi Tian,
  • Xiaona He,
  • Yihan Lin,
  • Luhong Dai,
  • Xintian Xu,
  • Jian Yuan,
  • Lihong Liu,
  • Yi Hou,
  • Jianwei Wei,
  • Shenghui Liao

摘要

Background

Treatment of scaphoid nonunion with a vascularized bone graft based on the 1,2‑intercompartmental supraretinacular artery (1,2‑ICSRA) involves complex wrist anatomy. Traditional teaching methods rely mainly on anatomical atlases and two‑dimensional (2D) computed tomography (CT) images, making it difficult for students to mentally reconstruct three‑dimensional (3D) spatial relationships. Three‑dimensional digital anatomy technology can provide visual 3D structural information that clearly illustrates the spatial relationships among anatomical structures, thereby potentially improving the teaching of complex anatomy. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of CT‑based 3D digital anatomy teaching in enhancing students’ understanding and application of the 1,2‑ICSRA vascularized bone graft procedure for scaphoid nonunion.

Methods

This randomized controlled trial enrolled 64 medical students in their clinical clerkship who were allocated to an experimental group or a control group and received a 4‑week teaching intervention. The experimental group was taught using CT‑based 3D digital anatomy models, while the control group received conventional teaching based on 2D CT images. Teaching outcomes were assessed by a final theoretical examination, a case‑based group presentation, and a questionnaire survey.

Results

The experimental group outperformed the control group in both the final theoretical examination (87.30 ± 5.50 vs. 83.17 ± 6.11, P = 0.008) and the case‑based presentation (8.60 ± 1.14 vs. 6.60 ± 1.14, P = 0.024). Questionnaire results showed that the experimental group reported higher satisfaction with the teaching method and better understanding of the course content (Both P - values were < 0.05), whereas no significant difference was found in the level of interest in the course content (P > 0.05).

Conclusion

Under the conditions of this study, CT‑based 3D digital anatomy teaching was superior to traditional 2D image teaching in improving students’ knowledge of the relevant anatomy and clinical application skills for the 1,2‑ICSRA vascularized bone graft procedure for scaphoid nonunion. The findings suggest potential for broader application, but this needs to be confirmed by larger, multicenter studies with long‑term follow‑up.

Trial registration

Chinese Clinical Trial Registry, ChiCTR2600116396. Retrospectively registered on 9 January 2026.