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Background <p>The evergreen shrub <i>Maytenus gracilipes</i> (Celastraceae), used in Ethiopian traditional medicine to treat tonsillitis, ear infections, and malaria, is a promising source for developing antibacterial agents to address antimicrobial resistance.</p> Objectives <p>This research investigated the phytochemical composition of <i>M. gracilipes</i> root extract and utilized a green synthesis approach to produce silver nanoparticles. Additionally, it evaluated the antibacterial properties of both the root extract and the synthesized silver nanoparticles.</p> Methods <p>Phytochemical screening tests were performed via a standard protocol, and column chromatographic separation was used to isolate the compounds. Spectroscopic techniques such as <sup>1</sup>H, <sup>13</sup>C, and DEPT-135 NMR were employed to determine the structures of the isolated compounds. A green synthesis approach was employed to synthesize silver nanoparticles from the root extract of <i>M. gracilipes</i>. The morphology, size, and crystallinity of the silver nanoparticles were confirmed via various techniques, such as X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The disc diffusion technique was used to evaluate antibacterial activity.</p> Results <p>Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, steroids, terpenoids, tannins, and flavonoids, but the absence of anthraquinones in the root extracts of <i>M. gracilipes</i>. Column chromatographic separation of dichloromethane extracts afforded two compounds: a derivative of suberosin (1) and lupeol (2). The X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern demonstrated that the synthesized silver nanoparticles were crystalline. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed that the silver nanoparticles are spherical and range from 10 to 60&#xa0;nm in size. The tested extracts and biosynthesized silver nanoparticles were effective against the tested bacterial strains (<i>Bacillus cereus</i>,<i> Staphylococcus aureus</i>, <i>Escherichia coli</i>, and <i>Salmonella typhi</i>) at different concentrations (100, 50, and 25&#xa0;µg/disc).</p> Conclusion <p>This study demonstrates that <i>M. gracilipes</i> exhibits substantial phytochemical diversity and promising antibacterial activity, emphasizing its potential as a valuable source of bioactive compounds that serve as effective capping agents in nanoparticle synthesis.</p>

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Phytochemical insights and green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Maytenus gracilipes, with evaluation of their antibacterial activity

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月16日

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  • Mathewos Anza,
  • Tizita Lema,
  • Mintiwab Abrham,
  • Dawit Leja,
  • Mesfin Bibiso

摘要

Background

The evergreen shrub Maytenus gracilipes (Celastraceae), used in Ethiopian traditional medicine to treat tonsillitis, ear infections, and malaria, is a promising source for developing antibacterial agents to address antimicrobial resistance.

Objectives

This research investigated the phytochemical composition of M. gracilipes root extract and utilized a green synthesis approach to produce silver nanoparticles. Additionally, it evaluated the antibacterial properties of both the root extract and the synthesized silver nanoparticles.

Methods

Phytochemical screening tests were performed via a standard protocol, and column chromatographic separation was used to isolate the compounds. Spectroscopic techniques such as 1H, 13C, and DEPT-135 NMR were employed to determine the structures of the isolated compounds. A green synthesis approach was employed to synthesize silver nanoparticles from the root extract of M. gracilipes. The morphology, size, and crystallinity of the silver nanoparticles were confirmed via various techniques, such as X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The disc diffusion technique was used to evaluate antibacterial activity.

Results

Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, steroids, terpenoids, tannins, and flavonoids, but the absence of anthraquinones in the root extracts of M. gracilipes. Column chromatographic separation of dichloromethane extracts afforded two compounds: a derivative of suberosin (1) and lupeol (2). The X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern demonstrated that the synthesized silver nanoparticles were crystalline. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed that the silver nanoparticles are spherical and range from 10 to 60 nm in size. The tested extracts and biosynthesized silver nanoparticles were effective against the tested bacterial strains (Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Salmonella typhi) at different concentrations (100, 50, and 25 µg/disc).

Conclusion

This study demonstrates that M. gracilipes exhibits substantial phytochemical diversity and promising antibacterial activity, emphasizing its potential as a valuable source of bioactive compounds that serve as effective capping agents in nanoparticle synthesis.