Background <p>Breast cancer is the most common type of cancer in women, and it has severe effects on quality and duration of life. The aim of this study was to examine the body image perception and quality of life of women who underwent segmental or total mastectomy.</p> Methods <p>The study was conducted in a city hospital in southern Turkey and included 170 participants. Data were collected using a patient identification form, a breast cancer body image scale, and a breast cancer specific quality of life scale (versions C30 and BR23). SPSS v.25.0 was used in the analysis. The study adhered to the Strengthening Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) guidelines.</p> Results <p>While there was a negative relationship between women’s general health (such as pain, nausea, vomiting, and fatigue) (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.001, <i>r</i>=-0.503) and social function (such as maintaining family life, engaging in social activities, and financial difficulties) (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.001, <i>r</i>=-0.487) and their body image perceptions, there was a positive relationship between increased body functions (such as walking, carrying, and bathing) and their body image perceptions. This study showed that mastectomy type was associated with body image perception (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.001. η²=0.105) and general health (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.001, η²=0.121). Both have a moderate effect size according to the eta squared coefficient.</p> Conclusion <p>In this study, women who had undergone total mastectomy had a more negative body image perception than those who had undergone segmental mastectomy. Women who underwent segmental mastectomy had better general health status and higher quality of life and functioning levels. Current data have indicates that body image perception has a direct relationship with general health and quality of life. The results of this study highlight the importance of developing personalised care plans and providing psychosocial support to women after mastectomy.</p> Clinical trial number <p>Not applicable.</p>