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Background <p>Recent material science advancements enabled a 3D-printable ceramic-filled resin for restorations. Additive manufacturing produces crowns, veneers, and mock-ups. Office and home bleaching agents contact teeth and restoration surfaces during application, potentially altering material properties.</p> Objectives <p>The aim of the study is to assess the compressive strength, flexural strength, surface microhardness, surface roughness, and color changes of the additive 3D-printed ceramic-filled resin before and after exposure to home and in-office tooth bleaching.</p> Methods <p>A total of 150 specimens were equally distributed into control (non-bleaching), home-bleaching (16% carbamide peroxide), and in-office bleaching (40% hydrogen peroxide) groups (<i>n</i> = 50/group). Compressive strength was evaluated using a universal testing machine, flexural strength by a four-point bending test, surface microhardness using a Vickers hardness tester, surface roughness using a 3D optical profilometer, and color changes using a spectrophotometer based on the CIEDE2000 (ΔE<sub>00</sub>) system. Statistical analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA, Tukey post-hoc tests, and independent t-tests (α = 0.05).</p> Results <p>Both home bleaching (16% carbamide peroxide) and in-office bleaching (40% hydrogen peroxide) significantly reduced the compressive strength, flexural strength, and surface microhardness of the 3D-printed ceramic-filled resin while significantly increasing surface roughness (<i>P</i> ≤ <i>0.05</i>). The in-office bleaching group exhibited significantly greater reductions in mechanical properties and higher surface roughness values than the home-bleaching group. Although bleaching produced statistically significant color changes, all ΔE<sub>00</sub> values remained below the clinically acceptable threshold.</p> Conclusions <p>Home bleaching (16% carbamide peroxide) and in-office bleaching (40% hydrogen peroxide) reduced compressive and flexural strength, microhardness, and increased roughness of 3D-printed crowns. In-office bleaching showed greater effects, while color changes remained clinically acceptable.</p>

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Mechanical performance and color stability of 3D-printed ceramic-filled resin following various bleaching regimens: an in vitro study

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年8月5日

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  • Tamer M. Hamdy

摘要

Background

Recent material science advancements enabled a 3D-printable ceramic-filled resin for restorations. Additive manufacturing produces crowns, veneers, and mock-ups. Office and home bleaching agents contact teeth and restoration surfaces during application, potentially altering material properties.

Objectives

The aim of the study is to assess the compressive strength, flexural strength, surface microhardness, surface roughness, and color changes of the additive 3D-printed ceramic-filled resin before and after exposure to home and in-office tooth bleaching.

Methods

A total of 150 specimens were equally distributed into control (non-bleaching), home-bleaching (16% carbamide peroxide), and in-office bleaching (40% hydrogen peroxide) groups (n = 50/group). Compressive strength was evaluated using a universal testing machine, flexural strength by a four-point bending test, surface microhardness using a Vickers hardness tester, surface roughness using a 3D optical profilometer, and color changes using a spectrophotometer based on the CIEDE2000 (ΔE00) system. Statistical analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA, Tukey post-hoc tests, and independent t-tests (α = 0.05).

Results

Both home bleaching (16% carbamide peroxide) and in-office bleaching (40% hydrogen peroxide) significantly reduced the compressive strength, flexural strength, and surface microhardness of the 3D-printed ceramic-filled resin while significantly increasing surface roughness (P ≤ 0.05). The in-office bleaching group exhibited significantly greater reductions in mechanical properties and higher surface roughness values than the home-bleaching group. Although bleaching produced statistically significant color changes, all ΔE00 values remained below the clinically acceptable threshold.

Conclusions

Home bleaching (16% carbamide peroxide) and in-office bleaching (40% hydrogen peroxide) reduced compressive and flexural strength, microhardness, and increased roughness of 3D-printed crowns. In-office bleaching showed greater effects, while color changes remained clinically acceptable.