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Purpose <p>to assess whether implant mucosal tunnel depth is associated with differences in cultivable microbial diversity in clinically healthy peri-implant tissues.</p> Methods <p>fifty-two patients with single molar implants were included after a standardized 3-month healing period and stratified into three groups according to implant mucosal tunnel depth: &lt;3&#xa0;mm, 3–5&#xa0;mm, and &gt; 5&#xa0;mm. Microbial samples from the inner lining of the implant mucosal tunnel were cultured under aerobic and anaerobic conditions and identified using MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. As a secondary exploratory outcome, TNF-α expression in peri-implant mucosa was quantified using real-time PCR.</p> Results <p>a total of 262 cultivable isolates representing 46 species were identified, with facultative anaerobic species predominating (81.68%). The highest Shannon diversity index was observed in the 3–5&#xa0;mm group, whereas tunnels &gt; 5&#xa0;mm demonstrated reduced cultivable diversity, with clinically significant growth predominantly represented by streptococci. TNF-α expression showed a progressive increase with increasing implant mucosal tunnel depth, reaching approximately 38-fold higher levels in the &gt; 5&#xa0;mm group compared with &lt; 3&#xa0;mm (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.017).</p> Conclusions <p>within the limitations of this exploratory cross-sectional study, implant mucosal tunnel depth was associated with differences in cultivable microbial composition and local TNF-α expression in clinically stable peri-implant tissues. Deeper mucosal tunnels (&gt; 5&#xa0;mm) demonstrated reduced cultivable species diversity without a consistent predominance of cultivable periodontal pathogens under the applied culture conditions. The observed increase in TNF-α expression should be interpreted as a biologic association rather than evidence of active inflammation or disease. Due to the culture-based methodology and the absence of longitudinal clinical data, no conclusions regarding disease risk or progression can be drawn.</p> Trial registration <p>ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT05870774. Registered on 20,230,425.</p>

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Depth of implant mucosal tunnel influences its microbiota: a prospective observational cross-sectional study

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月17日

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  • Igor Ashurko,
  • Svetlana Bokareva,
  • Oxana Svitich,
  • Svetlana Tarasenko,
  • Dmitry Kompaniets,
  • Asmik Avagyan,
  • Nune Vartanova,
  • Mamedova Rasana,
  • Alexey Unkovskiy

摘要

Purpose

to assess whether implant mucosal tunnel depth is associated with differences in cultivable microbial diversity in clinically healthy peri-implant tissues.

Methods

fifty-two patients with single molar implants were included after a standardized 3-month healing period and stratified into three groups according to implant mucosal tunnel depth: <3 mm, 3–5 mm, and > 5 mm. Microbial samples from the inner lining of the implant mucosal tunnel were cultured under aerobic and anaerobic conditions and identified using MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. As a secondary exploratory outcome, TNF-α expression in peri-implant mucosa was quantified using real-time PCR.

Results

a total of 262 cultivable isolates representing 46 species were identified, with facultative anaerobic species predominating (81.68%). The highest Shannon diversity index was observed in the 3–5 mm group, whereas tunnels > 5 mm demonstrated reduced cultivable diversity, with clinically significant growth predominantly represented by streptococci. TNF-α expression showed a progressive increase with increasing implant mucosal tunnel depth, reaching approximately 38-fold higher levels in the > 5 mm group compared with < 3 mm (p < 0.017).

Conclusions

within the limitations of this exploratory cross-sectional study, implant mucosal tunnel depth was associated with differences in cultivable microbial composition and local TNF-α expression in clinically stable peri-implant tissues. Deeper mucosal tunnels (> 5 mm) demonstrated reduced cultivable species diversity without a consistent predominance of cultivable periodontal pathogens under the applied culture conditions. The observed increase in TNF-α expression should be interpreted as a biologic association rather than evidence of active inflammation or disease. Due to the culture-based methodology and the absence of longitudinal clinical data, no conclusions regarding disease risk or progression can be drawn.

Trial registration

ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT05870774. Registered on 20,230,425.