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Background <p>Dental anomalies and craniofacial skeletal discrepancies frequently coexist in orthodontic patients and may share common developmental pathways. However, evidence regarding associations between specific dental anomalies and sagittal or vertical skeletal patterns remains inconsistent. This study aimed to evaluate the association between sagittal and vertical cephalometric skeletal patterns and the prevalence of tooth number anomalies and tooth impaction in orthodontic patients.</p> Methods <p>This retrospective cross-sectional study included 900 orthodontic patients with pretreatment panoramic and lateral cephalometric radiographs obtained between 2020 and 2025. Dental anomalies assessed on panoramic radiographs included hypodontia, supernumerary teeth, and tooth impaction, based on standardized diagnostic criteria. Sagittal skeletal patterns were determined using the ANB angle and Wits appraisal. Vertical skeletal patterns were evaluated using multiple cephalometric indices, including the gonial angle, Y-axis angle, mandibular plane angle, basal plane angle, and Jarabak index, and categorized as hypodivergent, normodivergent, or hyperdivergent. Statistical analyses included chi-square or Fisher’s exact tests, independent samples t-tests or Mann–Whitney U tests, and multivariable binary logistic regression. Statistical significance was set at <i>P</i> &lt; 0.05.</p> Results <p>The mean age of participants was 19.34 ± 6.10 years, and 68.9% were female. Overall, 28% of patients presented with at least one dental anomaly. Hypodontia was the most prevalent anomaly (15.3%), followed by tooth impaction (10.7%) and supernumerary teeth (2%). No statistically significant associations were found between overall dental anomalies and sagittal or vertical skeletal pattern classifications. When analyzed separately, hypodontia and supernumerary teeth showed no significant associations with skeletal patterns in univariate or adjusted analyses. Tooth impaction demonstrated a significant association with skeletal Class II in adjusted analysis (odds ratio 1.54; 95% confidence interval 1.01–2.34; <i>P</i> = 0.046) and was associated with a higher mean Wits appraisal compared with controls (<i>P</i> = 0.009). Differences in vertical cephalometric indices observed in patients with supernumerary teeth should be interpreted cautiously due to the limited number of cases.</p> Conclusions <p>Tooth number and impaction anomalies were not significantly associated with sagittal or vertical skeletal pattern classifications in this orthodontic population. however, individuals with impacted teeth exhibited higher Wits appraisal values compared with those without impaction.</p>

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Association between vertical and sagittal skeletal cephalometric patterns and the prevalence of dental number anomalies and tooth impaction

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月7日

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  • Salva Khosroshahian,
  • Hamed Rahimi,
  • Mobin Golestani

摘要

Background

Dental anomalies and craniofacial skeletal discrepancies frequently coexist in orthodontic patients and may share common developmental pathways. However, evidence regarding associations between specific dental anomalies and sagittal or vertical skeletal patterns remains inconsistent. This study aimed to evaluate the association between sagittal and vertical cephalometric skeletal patterns and the prevalence of tooth number anomalies and tooth impaction in orthodontic patients.

Methods

This retrospective cross-sectional study included 900 orthodontic patients with pretreatment panoramic and lateral cephalometric radiographs obtained between 2020 and 2025. Dental anomalies assessed on panoramic radiographs included hypodontia, supernumerary teeth, and tooth impaction, based on standardized diagnostic criteria. Sagittal skeletal patterns were determined using the ANB angle and Wits appraisal. Vertical skeletal patterns were evaluated using multiple cephalometric indices, including the gonial angle, Y-axis angle, mandibular plane angle, basal plane angle, and Jarabak index, and categorized as hypodivergent, normodivergent, or hyperdivergent. Statistical analyses included chi-square or Fisher’s exact tests, independent samples t-tests or Mann–Whitney U tests, and multivariable binary logistic regression. Statistical significance was set at P < 0.05.

Results

The mean age of participants was 19.34 ± 6.10 years, and 68.9% were female. Overall, 28% of patients presented with at least one dental anomaly. Hypodontia was the most prevalent anomaly (15.3%), followed by tooth impaction (10.7%) and supernumerary teeth (2%). No statistically significant associations were found between overall dental anomalies and sagittal or vertical skeletal pattern classifications. When analyzed separately, hypodontia and supernumerary teeth showed no significant associations with skeletal patterns in univariate or adjusted analyses. Tooth impaction demonstrated a significant association with skeletal Class II in adjusted analysis (odds ratio 1.54; 95% confidence interval 1.01–2.34; P = 0.046) and was associated with a higher mean Wits appraisal compared with controls (P = 0.009). Differences in vertical cephalometric indices observed in patients with supernumerary teeth should be interpreted cautiously due to the limited number of cases.

Conclusions

Tooth number and impaction anomalies were not significantly associated with sagittal or vertical skeletal pattern classifications in this orthodontic population. however, individuals with impacted teeth exhibited higher Wits appraisal values compared with those without impaction.