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Background <p>Universal resin composites have been developed to simplify restorative procedures by improving color matching with surrounding tooth structures. However, the optical behavior of these materials may vary with environmental conditions, such as ambient illumination. The influence of different lighting conditions on the color-matching and color-adjustment potential (CAP) of universal composites remains insufficiently understood. </p> <p>This study aimed to evaluate the influence of different ambient light sources on the color difference (ΔE) and color adjustment potential (CAP) of universal resin composites restored in three-dimensional (3D) printed teeth.</p> Materials and methods <p>Three universal resin composites were evaluated using standardized cavities prepared in 3D-printed tooth models. Color measurements were performed using a spectrophotometer under four ambient lighting conditions (3000&#xa0;K, 4000&#xa0;K, 5500&#xa0;K, and 6500&#xa0;K). Color differences (ΔE00) were calculated at two-time intervals (T1–T2 and T1–T3). The color adjustment potential-instrumental (CAP-I) values were calculated using the formula CAP-I = 1 − (ΔEdual/ΔEsingle). The effects of composite type, lighting conditions, and time interval on color outcomes were evaluated using nonparametric statistical tests with appropriate post hoc comparisons.</p> Results <p>Ambient lighting conditions significantly influenced ΔE values of the tested composites. Differences in color change were observed among light sources and composite materials across both time intervals. The combined pattern of composite type, illumination condition, and time interval indicated material-dependent changes in color-difference outcomes. CAP-I values also varied across composites and lighting conditions, indicating that instrumental color-adjustment outcomes were material- and illumination-dependent.</p> Conclusion <p>Ambient illumination influenced the instrumental color-difference outcomes and CAP-I values of universal resin composites. Standardization of lighting conditions during shade selection and color evaluation may therefore be important for reliable assessment of restorative color behavior.</p>

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Influence of ambient illumination on color difference (ΔE) and color adjustment potential of universal resin composites in 3D-printed teeth: an in vitro study

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月9日

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  • İkbal Esra Pehlivan,
  • Merve Aksoy Yüksek

摘要

Background

Universal resin composites have been developed to simplify restorative procedures by improving color matching with surrounding tooth structures. However, the optical behavior of these materials may vary with environmental conditions, such as ambient illumination. The influence of different lighting conditions on the color-matching and color-adjustment potential (CAP) of universal composites remains insufficiently understood.

This study aimed to evaluate the influence of different ambient light sources on the color difference (ΔE) and color adjustment potential (CAP) of universal resin composites restored in three-dimensional (3D) printed teeth.

Materials and methods

Three universal resin composites were evaluated using standardized cavities prepared in 3D-printed tooth models. Color measurements were performed using a spectrophotometer under four ambient lighting conditions (3000 K, 4000 K, 5500 K, and 6500 K). Color differences (ΔE00) were calculated at two-time intervals (T1–T2 and T1–T3). The color adjustment potential-instrumental (CAP-I) values were calculated using the formula CAP-I = 1 − (ΔEdual/ΔEsingle). The effects of composite type, lighting conditions, and time interval on color outcomes were evaluated using nonparametric statistical tests with appropriate post hoc comparisons.

Results

Ambient lighting conditions significantly influenced ΔE values of the tested composites. Differences in color change were observed among light sources and composite materials across both time intervals. The combined pattern of composite type, illumination condition, and time interval indicated material-dependent changes in color-difference outcomes. CAP-I values also varied across composites and lighting conditions, indicating that instrumental color-adjustment outcomes were material- and illumination-dependent.

Conclusion

Ambient illumination influenced the instrumental color-difference outcomes and CAP-I values of universal resin composites. Standardization of lighting conditions during shade selection and color evaluation may therefore be important for reliable assessment of restorative color behavior.