Background <p>The aim of this retrospective observational study was to evaluate the prevalence and distribution of dental anomalies in orthodontic patients with different malocclusions.</p> Methods <p>Pretreatment diagnostic records of 766 orthodontic patients were retrospectively evaluated in a single-center setting. Dental anomalies were classified according to sex, orthodontic malocclusion type (Class I, <i>n</i> = 122; Class II, <i>n</i> = 568; Class III, <i>n</i> = 76), and jaw localization. Statistical analyses were performed using Fisher’s exact test, Yates’ correction, and Pearson’s chi-square test.</p> Results <p>No statistically significant association was found between sex and the prevalence of dental anomalies (<i>P</i> = 0.739). At least one dental anomaly was detected in 71.8% of the patients. Root dilaceration was the most frequently observed anomaly (35%). The prevalence rates of numerical, dimensional, shape, eruption, and structural anomalies were 13.97%, 4.04%, 53.91%, 24.15%, and 30.67%, respectively. No significant difference in the prevalence of dental anomalies was observed among different malocclusion groups (<i>P</i> = 0.055).</p> Conclusions <p>Dental anomalies were frequently observed in this orthodontic population. The prevalence and distribution of anomalies varied according to anomaly type and jaw localization, highlighting the importance of radiographic evaluation in orthodontic patients. These findings may support earlier detection of diagnostic challenges and more individualized treatment planning in routine orthodontic practice. Early identification of dental anomalies may facilitate comprehensive orthodontic treatment planning and help prevent potential functional and structural complications.</p>