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Aim <p>To evaluate the antimicrobial effects of Nd: YAG laser irradiation, antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT), and passive ultrasonic irrigation (PUI) in comparison with conventional irrigation with Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) in root canals infected with Enterococcus faecalis biofilms.</p> Materials and methods <p>Sixty-nine single rooted mandibular premolars were accessed and instrumented till master apical file #40/04. After sterilization of the teeth, the root canals were infected with&#xa0;E. faecalis&#xa0;for 3 weeks. The teeth were randomly divided into five groups according to the method of disinfection (n=13 each): group I: irrigation with distilled water; group II: irrigation with 2.5% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) with side vented needle; group III: PUI activation for 2.5% NaOCl; group IV: Nd:YAG laser activation for 2.5% NaOCl , group V: aPDT with 0.01% methylene blue as the photosensitizer and laser irradiation (λ635nm, power 400mW, 5min). The four remaining teeth were used as control groups (n=2 each): negative control (without bacteria) and positive control (without treatment). Colony forming units (CFU) were then counted and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) analysis was performed to evaluate Enterococcus faecalis biofilm reduction. Results were analyzed using the Kruskal–Wallis test followed by Bonferroni‑adjusted pairwise comparisons.</p> Results <p>The bacterial counts in the NaOCl needle irrigation, PUI, and Nd: YAG laser groups were significantly lower than those of the untreated positive control and distilled water groups. Furthermore, they were also significantly lower than those of the aPDT group which did not show any significant reduction in bacterial count compared to the positive control nor the distilled water groups.</p> Conclusion <p>Adjunctive irrigation using Nd:YAG laser and PUI increased bacterial reduction, however, they did not significantly enhance the antibacterial effects of NaOCl when used alone in this specific tooth model. Furthermore, antimicrobial photodynamic therapy with methylene blue failed to show any noticeable antimicrobial effects.</p>

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Antimicrobial activity of Nd: YAG irradiation, laser activated photodynamic therapy and passive ultrasonic irrigation on enterococcus faecalis biofilms (an ex vivo study)

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月26日

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  • Salma M. El Gazar,
  • Rania N. El Backly,
  • Walid A. Lotfy,
  • Sybel M. Moussa,
  • Ahmed M. Mobarak

摘要

Aim

To evaluate the antimicrobial effects of Nd: YAG laser irradiation, antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT), and passive ultrasonic irrigation (PUI) in comparison with conventional irrigation with Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) in root canals infected with Enterococcus faecalis biofilms.

Materials and methods

Sixty-nine single rooted mandibular premolars were accessed and instrumented till master apical file #40/04. After sterilization of the teeth, the root canals were infected with E. faecalis for 3 weeks. The teeth were randomly divided into five groups according to the method of disinfection (n=13 each): group I: irrigation with distilled water; group II: irrigation with 2.5% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) with side vented needle; group III: PUI activation for 2.5% NaOCl; group IV: Nd:YAG laser activation for 2.5% NaOCl , group V: aPDT with 0.01% methylene blue as the photosensitizer and laser irradiation (λ635nm, power 400mW, 5min). The four remaining teeth were used as control groups (n=2 each): negative control (without bacteria) and positive control (without treatment). Colony forming units (CFU) were then counted and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) analysis was performed to evaluate Enterococcus faecalis biofilm reduction. Results were analyzed using the Kruskal–Wallis test followed by Bonferroni‑adjusted pairwise comparisons.

Results

The bacterial counts in the NaOCl needle irrigation, PUI, and Nd: YAG laser groups were significantly lower than those of the untreated positive control and distilled water groups. Furthermore, they were also significantly lower than those of the aPDT group which did not show any significant reduction in bacterial count compared to the positive control nor the distilled water groups.

Conclusion

Adjunctive irrigation using Nd:YAG laser and PUI increased bacterial reduction, however, they did not significantly enhance the antibacterial effects of NaOCl when used alone in this specific tooth model. Furthermore, antimicrobial photodynamic therapy with methylene blue failed to show any noticeable antimicrobial effects.