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Background <p>Biomimetic enamel reconstruction represents an innovative strategy in restorative dentistry and materials science, providing a biologically and eco-friendly inspired approach for managing early enamel caries. This study aimed to evaluate the remineralizing potential of organically derived biomimetic nanogels—chitosan nanogel (n-C) and fish bone nanogel (n-FB)—on demineralized enamel, using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis for semi-quantitative calcium/phosphate assessment.</p> Methods <p>Fifty-seven extracted primary molars were demineralized for 96 h. Three samples were used as the demineralized control group, while the remaining 54 were randomly assigned to three groups: [<CitationRef CitationID="CR1">1</CitationRef>] Artificial Saliva (AS) group—specimens incubated in artificial saliva at 37 °C for seven days; [<CitationRef CitationID="CR2">2</CitationRef>] Nano-Fish Bone (n-FB) group—n-FB gel applied once daily for five minutes, rinsed, then incubated in refreshed artificial saliva; [<CitationRef CitationID="CR3">3</CitationRef>] Nano-Chitosan (n-C) group—n-C gel applied similarly. Specimens were analysed using SEM and EDX for surface morphology and elemental Ca/P ratio, and data were statistically analysed.</p> Results <p>Both biomimetic nanogels significantly reversed the demineralization effects, showing enamel prism reformation. For the calcium-to-phosphorus (Ca/P) ratio, the highest mean value was recorded in the AS group (2.77 ± 0.06), followed by the NC group (2.58 ± 0.61), the n-C group (2.45 ± 0.18), and the lowest in the n-FB group (2.19 ± 0.38). ANOVA analysis demonstrated a significant difference between groups (<i>P</i> = 0.020). The n-C group and n-FB produced a more uniform and well-mineralized surface structure closest to normal enamel.</p> Conclusions <p>Both nanogels provided enhanced remineralization, however, nano–fish bone exhibited more uniform surface morphology and significantly higher phosphate levels than nano–chitosan, suggesting a comparatively greater remineralization potential.</p>

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Fish bone and chitosan based nanogels in green dentistry: sustainable and eco-friendly biomimetic remineralizing agents for early enamel caries

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月27日

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  • Hend El-Messiry,
  • Nada Atef,
  • Eman Alaa,
  • Dalia I. Sherief,
  • Iman A. Fathy

摘要

Background

Biomimetic enamel reconstruction represents an innovative strategy in restorative dentistry and materials science, providing a biologically and eco-friendly inspired approach for managing early enamel caries. This study aimed to evaluate the remineralizing potential of organically derived biomimetic nanogels—chitosan nanogel (n-C) and fish bone nanogel (n-FB)—on demineralized enamel, using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis for semi-quantitative calcium/phosphate assessment.

Methods

Fifty-seven extracted primary molars were demineralized for 96 h. Three samples were used as the demineralized control group, while the remaining 54 were randomly assigned to three groups: [1] Artificial Saliva (AS) group—specimens incubated in artificial saliva at 37 °C for seven days; [2] Nano-Fish Bone (n-FB) group—n-FB gel applied once daily for five minutes, rinsed, then incubated in refreshed artificial saliva; [3] Nano-Chitosan (n-C) group—n-C gel applied similarly. Specimens were analysed using SEM and EDX for surface morphology and elemental Ca/P ratio, and data were statistically analysed.

Results

Both biomimetic nanogels significantly reversed the demineralization effects, showing enamel prism reformation. For the calcium-to-phosphorus (Ca/P) ratio, the highest mean value was recorded in the AS group (2.77 ± 0.06), followed by the NC group (2.58 ± 0.61), the n-C group (2.45 ± 0.18), and the lowest in the n-FB group (2.19 ± 0.38). ANOVA analysis demonstrated a significant difference between groups (P = 0.020). The n-C group and n-FB produced a more uniform and well-mineralized surface structure closest to normal enamel.

Conclusions

Both nanogels provided enhanced remineralization, however, nano–fish bone exhibited more uniform surface morphology and significantly higher phosphate levels than nano–chitosan, suggesting a comparatively greater remineralization potential.