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Objectives <p>This study aimed to assess bacterial contamination on sports mouthguards and their storage cases used by children under 12, and to determine how surface deterioration and poor handling practices influence bacterial attachment and biofilm formation.</p> Materials and methods <p>Mouthguards and cases were collected from junior football players. Culturable bacterial isolates were identified using 16S rRNA sequencing. Biofilm formation was assessed using crystal violet assays. Surface roughness was measured via 3D profilometry, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to visualise bacterial colonisation. Cleaning efficacy was tested using mechanical brushing with toothpaste and simple water rinses.</p> Results <p>Thirty-eight culturable bacterial isolates representing 13 genera were identified, with <i>Pseudomonas putida</i> being most prevalent. Most isolates were of environmental origin, indicating contamination through improper handling and storage. Used mouthguards exhibited significantly increased surface roughness (Ra = 173.88 μm) compared to new ones (Ra = 0.713 μm), correlating with enhanced bacterial adhesion. SEM revealed approximately eightfold higher bacterial colonisation on deteriorated surfaces. Mechanical cleaning with a toothbrush and toothpaste achieved 98% bacterial removal, whereas water rinsing removed only 60–70%.</p> Conclusions <p>Mouthguard use leads to surface wear that promotes bacterial colonisation, particularly when coupled with poor storage and cleaning practices.</p> Clinical relevance <p>Children’s sports mouthguards require regular mechanical cleaning and hygienic storage to prevent microbial accumulation and reduce oral health risks.</p>

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Surface deterioration and poor handling of sports mouthguards for young football players promote bacterial attachment and colonisation requiring mechanical cleaning

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2025年11月4日

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  • Raghu Nandan Badari,
  • Bita Zaferanloo,
  • Vito Butardo Jr.,
  • Huseyin Sumer

摘要

Objectives

This study aimed to assess bacterial contamination on sports mouthguards and their storage cases used by children under 12, and to determine how surface deterioration and poor handling practices influence bacterial attachment and biofilm formation.

Materials and methods

Mouthguards and cases were collected from junior football players. Culturable bacterial isolates were identified using 16S rRNA sequencing. Biofilm formation was assessed using crystal violet assays. Surface roughness was measured via 3D profilometry, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to visualise bacterial colonisation. Cleaning efficacy was tested using mechanical brushing with toothpaste and simple water rinses.

Results

Thirty-eight culturable bacterial isolates representing 13 genera were identified, with Pseudomonas putida being most prevalent. Most isolates were of environmental origin, indicating contamination through improper handling and storage. Used mouthguards exhibited significantly increased surface roughness (Ra = 173.88 μm) compared to new ones (Ra = 0.713 μm), correlating with enhanced bacterial adhesion. SEM revealed approximately eightfold higher bacterial colonisation on deteriorated surfaces. Mechanical cleaning with a toothbrush and toothpaste achieved 98% bacterial removal, whereas water rinsing removed only 60–70%.

Conclusions

Mouthguard use leads to surface wear that promotes bacterial colonisation, particularly when coupled with poor storage and cleaning practices.

Clinical relevance

Children’s sports mouthguards require regular mechanical cleaning and hygienic storage to prevent microbial accumulation and reduce oral health risks.