Objective The aim of this study was to evaluate the short- and long-term repeatability of a spectrophotometer and three mobile phone color applications (MCAs) on the iPhone Operating System (iOS) platform for color differences of single-shade and multi-shade resin materials of different thicknesses. Materials and methods A spectrophotometer (Vita Easy Shade V) was used as a reference instrument. Three MCAs were used: ColorMeter RGB, Color Analyzer-Iro Shirabe, and Color Info Cam. Color measurements were performed on 1-mm and 2-mm thick specimens of resin composites: Charisma Smart (CS) / A1-A2-A3; Charisma Diamond One (C); Opallis (OP) / E1-E2-E3; Vittra APS Unique (V); Estelite Sigma Quick (ES) / A1-A2-A3; and Omnichroma (O) (n = 8). The specimens were measured at three time periods: Day 0 (t0), Day 1 (t1), and Day 7 (t2). The color differences were analyzed using the CIEDE2000 formula, with the corresponding color difference (ΔE00) and mean color difference from the mean (MCDM00). Robust analysis of variation (Robust ANOVA) was used for statistical analysis (p < 0.05). Results The resin composites’ main effects were statistically significant for MCDM00 (p < 0.001). The highest MCDM00 was observed in the OP-A3 composite (2.39 ± 0.18). Method effects were also significant (p = 0.001), with the Color Analyzer showing the highest MCDM00 (2.02 ± 0.08) and the spectrophotometer showing the lowest MCDM00 (0.40 ± 0.02). The highest MCDM00 was found in the OP-A3 × 2 mm × Color Analyzer combination (4.18 ± 0.38). At t0 − t1, the highest ΔE00 was observed in the Vittra APS Unique composite (1.43 ± 0.10). At t0 − t2 and t1 − t2, the highest ΔE00 values were found in OP-A3 (2.97 ± 0.22 and 3.37 ± 0.24, respectively). The highest ΔE00 was observed in the OP-A3 × 2 mm × Color Analyzer combination at t0-t2 (5.29 ± 0.53) and t1 − t2 (5.57 ± 0.57) (p < 0.05). Conclusion The spectrophotometer showed the highest repeatability over the times tested. The ColorMeter showed the highest repeatability among MCAs. The mobile phone color apps provided accessible and cost-effective color measurements, although their accuracy was inferior to that of spectrophotometers. Clinical trial number Not applicable.

Repeatability of color measurements in multi-shade and single-shade resin composites of different thicknesses at different times: spectrophotometer versus mobile phone color applications

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2025年7月16日

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İbrahim Elgin Olgar,
Özhan Yağcı,
Muhammet Fidan

摘要

Objective

The aim of this study was to evaluate the short- and long-term repeatability of a spectrophotometer and three mobile phone color applications (MCAs) on the iPhone Operating System (iOS) platform for color differences of single-shade and multi-shade resin materials of different thicknesses.

Materials and methods

A spectrophotometer (Vita Easy Shade V) was used as a reference instrument. Three MCAs were used: ColorMeter RGB, Color Analyzer-Iro Shirabe, and Color Info Cam. Color measurements were performed on 1-mm and 2-mm thick specimens of resin composites: Charisma Smart (CS) / A1-A2-A3; Charisma Diamond One (C); Opallis (OP) / E1-E2-E3; Vittra APS Unique (V); Estelite Sigma Quick (ES) / A1-A2-A3; and Omnichroma (O) (n = 8). The specimens were measured at three time periods: Day 0 (t₀), Day 1 (t₁), and Day 7 (t₂). The color differences were analyzed using the CIEDE2000 formula, with the corresponding color difference (ΔE₀₀) and mean color difference from the mean (MCDM₀₀). Robust analysis of variation (Robust ANOVA) was used for statistical analysis (p < 0.05).

Results

The resin composites’ main effects were statistically significant for MCDM₀₀ (p < 0.001). The highest MCDM₀₀ was observed in the OP-A3 composite (2.39 ± 0.18). Method effects were also significant (p = 0.001), with the Color Analyzer showing the highest MCDM₀₀ (2.02 ± 0.08) and the spectrophotometer showing the lowest MCDM₀₀ (0.40 ± 0.02). The highest MCDM₀₀ was found in the OP-A3 × 2 mm × Color Analyzer combination (4.18 ± 0.38). At t₀ − t₁, the highest ΔE₀₀ was observed in the Vittra APS Unique composite (1.43 ± 0.10). At t₀ − t₂ and t₁ − t₂, the highest ΔE₀₀ values were found in OP-A3 (2.97 ± 0.22 and 3.37 ± 0.24, respectively). The highest ΔE₀₀ was observed in the OP-A3 × 2 mm × Color Analyzer combination at t₀-t₂ (5.29 ± 0.53) and t₁ − t₂ (5.57 ± 0.57) (p < 0.05).

Conclusion

The spectrophotometer showed the highest repeatability over the times tested. The ColorMeter showed the highest repeatability among MCAs. The mobile phone color apps provided accessible and cost-effective color measurements, although their accuracy was inferior to that of spectrophotometers.

Clinical trial number

Not applicable.