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Objectives <p>The aim of this study was to investigate the resilience of <i>Streptococcus mutans</i> (<i>S. mutans</i>) and <i>Candida albicans</i> (<i>C. albicans</i>) cross-kingdom biofilms in response to environmental stresses.</p> Materials and methods <p>The growth kinetics of <i>S. mutans</i>, <i>C. albicans</i>, and their co-culture in planktonic form were assessed using a BioScreen system. Biofilms were established on 96-well plates for a duration of 48&#xa0;h, after which microbial counts were determined. The biofilms were then subjected to different stress conditions, including oxidative, acid, osmotic, and heat stress, for 2&#xa0;h. The survival and structural integrity of the biofilms were evaluated through colony-forming unit (CFU) counting and fluorescence microscopy, respectively. Additionally, the transcriptional levels of genes concerning matrix formation, acid tolerance, oxidative tolerance were determined by quantitative real-time PCR (RT-PCR). The data was analyzed by one-way ANOVA, and post hoc Tukey’s test (α = 0.05).</p> Results <p>Co-culturing S. <i>mutans</i> and C. <i>albicans</i> resulted in an extended logarithmic growth phase compared to monocultures. Dual-species biofilm had higher microorganism counts after biofilm formation, displayed higher surviving cells, and a more complex structure after exposure to various stresses when compared to monospecies biofilm (<i>p</i>&lt;0.05). The transcriptional levels of genes concerning matrix formation (<i>gtfB</i>,<i> gtfC</i>,<i> ftf</i>,<i> bcr1</i>,<i> hwp1</i>), acid tolerance (<i>atpD</i>,<i> fabM</i>,<i> phr1</i>), oxidative tolerance (<i>nox</i>,<i> sodA</i>,<i> sod1</i>,<i> and trx1</i>) were upregulated in dual-species biofilm (<i>p</i>&lt;0.05).</p> Conclusions <p>Dual-species biofilm present higher tolerance to various stresses in the oral cavity. The upregulation of genes involved in matrix formation and stress tolerance may partially account for this increased resilience.</p>

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In vitro evaluation of tolerance ability of cross-kingdom biofilm towards oral dynamic fluctuations

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2025年7月19日

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  • Yijun Li,
  • Shan Huang,
  • Jingyun Du,
  • Jing Huang,
  • Xiaojing Huang

摘要

Objectives

The aim of this study was to investigate the resilience of Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) and Candida albicans (C. albicans) cross-kingdom biofilms in response to environmental stresses.

Materials and methods

The growth kinetics of S. mutans, C. albicans, and their co-culture in planktonic form were assessed using a BioScreen system. Biofilms were established on 96-well plates for a duration of 48 h, after which microbial counts were determined. The biofilms were then subjected to different stress conditions, including oxidative, acid, osmotic, and heat stress, for 2 h. The survival and structural integrity of the biofilms were evaluated through colony-forming unit (CFU) counting and fluorescence microscopy, respectively. Additionally, the transcriptional levels of genes concerning matrix formation, acid tolerance, oxidative tolerance were determined by quantitative real-time PCR (RT-PCR). The data was analyzed by one-way ANOVA, and post hoc Tukey’s test (α = 0.05).

Results

Co-culturing S. mutans and C. albicans resulted in an extended logarithmic growth phase compared to monocultures. Dual-species biofilm had higher microorganism counts after biofilm formation, displayed higher surviving cells, and a more complex structure after exposure to various stresses when compared to monospecies biofilm (p<0.05). The transcriptional levels of genes concerning matrix formation (gtfB, gtfC, ftf, bcr1, hwp1), acid tolerance (atpD, fabM, phr1), oxidative tolerance (nox, sodA, sod1, and trx1) were upregulated in dual-species biofilm (p<0.05).

Conclusions

Dual-species biofilm present higher tolerance to various stresses in the oral cavity. The upregulation of genes involved in matrix formation and stress tolerance may partially account for this increased resilience.